The terms of reference ('ToR') of this report are as follows: Brief analysis of, and references to, decisions or resolutions of RFMOs relating to cooperating non-members. Note will be made when the decision or resolution in question makes express reference to any provision of the RFMO's establishing treaty that deals with admission of new members. Whether any examples exist of positive measures applied to cooperating non-members (e.g. catch allocations). Review of measures (including trade and market measures, sanctions, port access restrictions) applied by RFMOs against non-members (whether cooperating non-members or non-cooperating non-members). In addition to, a brief illustrative survey, with examples, of any measures taken by individual States as members of RFMOs in implementation of the measures described in. [This survey is likely to be limited to addressing the practice of just two RFMO members.]
According to the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, the management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks is to be carried out through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), composed of relevant coastal states and distant water fishing nations with a 'real interest' in the fishery. An important objective in the management of such fish stocks under the governance of RFMOs is that the resources should provide through time the maximum flow of economic rents to the members of the RFMO. The purpose of this report is to provide a survey, and an assessment, of bioeconomic modelling exercises pertaining to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks.
Topic:
Agriculture, Development, Economics, and Environment
Michael W Lodge, David Anderson, Terje Løbach, Gordon Munro, Keith Sainsbury, and Anna Willock
Publication Date:
08-2007
Content Type:
Book
Institution:
Chatham House
Abstract:
Regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements (RFMOs) play a critical role in the global system of fisheries governance. They are the primary mechanism for achieving the cooperation between and among all fishing countries, including coastal states, that is essential for the effective management of international fisheries. The essential purpose of an RFMO, therefore, is to provide an effective forum for international cooperation in order to enable States to agree on conservation and management measures for those fisheries.
Nils Petter Gleditsch, Idean Salehyan, and Ragnhild Nordås
Publication Date:
05-2007
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
International Peace Institute
Abstract:
In October 2003, a report to the US Department of Defense received wide public attention for presenting a grim future scenario with warring states and massive social disturbance as a result of dramatic climate change. Although not intended to be a prediction, the authors nevertheless argued the plausibility of a scenario for rapid climate change which could result in a significant drop in the human carrying capacity of the earth's environment—food, water, and energy shortages, as well as extreme weather patterns. In turn, resource constraints and environmental damage could lead to geopolitical destabilization, skirmishes and even war.
Topic:
Conflict Prevention, Climate Change, Energy Policy, and Environment
During the twenty-first century billions of people are expected to join the world's current population of 6.7 billion. Virtually all of these newcomers will be born in the less developed countries of the world, and many in the least-developed.
Topic:
International Relations, Demographics, Economics, Environment, and Health
Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution at George Mason University
Abstract:
This working paper discusses actions by the U.S.Congress (primarily the U.S.Senate) to manage protracted and deep rooted conflicts in the process of making laws – current problems in managing conflicts, the traditional system for managing conflicts, the relevance of a contemporary conflict analysis and resolution approach to conflict management in the Congress, the effectiveness of the Senate in addressing conflict in five case studies, and strategies for strengthening the current approach.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Environment, Natural Resources, and Governance
In 1979, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat said: “The only matter that could take Egypt to war again is water.” In 1988 then-Egyptian Foreign Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who later became the United Nations' Secretary-General, predicted that the next war in the Middle East would be fought over the waters of the Nile, not politics. Rather than accept these frightening predictions, we must examine them within the context of the Nile River basin and the relationships forged among the states that share its waters.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Security, Development, and Environment
It is impossible to understand the developmental constraints of Africa without grasping the significance of water resources, particularly groundwater. Southern Africa faces potentially severe groundwater shortages, which not only imperil the lives of those directly dependent on it, but also the continued development of the economic engines of the region—South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe—all of which face significant constraints on their future economic growth due to the insecurity of water supply. In addition, groundwater resources are the foundation of rural water supplies, which sustain livelihoods for the poorest of the poor communities.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Security, Development, and Environment
Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Wangari Maathai, Marc Ravalomanana, John Katunga, Milline J. Mbonile, Nana K. Poku, Anthony Nyong, Kenneth Omeje, Richard P. and Elizabeth Leahy Cincotta, Alexander Carius, and Gib Clarke
Publication Date:
06-2007
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
The Wilson Center
Abstract:
While the world focuses on war, authors in ECSP Report 12 argue that we should not miss the quiet—yet often more lethal—conflicts for shrinking resources, which are increasingly depleted by population growth, environmental degradation, poverty, and over-consumption. Eight African leaders and scholars—including Nobel Peace Prize-winner Wangari Maathai—describe their continent's struggle with resource conflict. Population and health are also linked to conflict and fragile states, say Report authors. But efforts to promote sustainability—and use natural resources as peacebuilding tools—could help turn deadly environments into safe, sustainable neighborhoods.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Security, Development, and Environment
Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University
Abstract:
U.S. farm policy reforms in 1996 produced significant overproduction of supported crops, with prices falling to levels that were often below average farm production costs. Among the beneficiaries of the policy shift were the largest corporate purchasers of supported crops, as they saw a steady supply of low-priced inputs. Industrial livestock firms were among the most significant buyers of U.S. corn and soybeans, the main components of livestock feed. Filling an important gap in the literature, this paper estimates the savings to industrial hog operations between 1997 and 2005 from feed components priced at levels below their production costs. The savings are found to be significant. We also find that industrial hog companies benefited from weak federal regulation of environmental pollution from livestock operations. We estimate the costs to industrial hog firms of compliance with new environmental regulations regarding mitigation of surface-water contamination from excess manure concentrations. This cost is also found to be significant. We assess the implications of these findings for the continued consolidation and industrialization of the industry. We find that mid-sized diversified farms that grow their own feed may well be able to compete on cost with large-scale industrial operations if the latter pay full cost for their feed and have to pay for just one part of their externalized pollution costs.