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12. Human-wildlife Conflict and Wildlife Conservation
- Author:
- Yolanda Sadie
- Publication Date:
- 12-2019
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Conflict Trends
- Institution:
- The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD)
- Abstract:
- The problem of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in Africa – meaning the interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative effects for both humans and wildlife – poses risks to the preservation of livelihoods as well as wildlife conservation. HWC affects the food security of people, it decreases their physical and psychological well-being and increases their workload.1 In Botswana, for example, where the largest concentration of elephants on the continent can be found (estimated at 126 114 in October 2018),2 the significant number of elephants is not only putting pressure on the ecosystem, but has also led to increased HWC. The wildlife numbers pose a threat to human life, with official statistics indicating that between February 2018 and June 2019, 20 deaths by elephants and several injuries were recorded.3 Elephants encroach on communities, not only killing people but also destroying crops, thereby impoverishing the rural communities who rely on farming for their livelihood. Hidden costs in the form of diminished psychosocial well-being and disrupted social activities raise additional concerns.
- Topic:
- Climate Change, Environment, Conservation, and Wildlife
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Botswana
13. The Amazon Wildfires and Environmental Conservation: What Can the EU do?
- Author:
- Helder Hermani
- Publication Date:
- 09-2019
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Europeum Institute for European Policy
- Abstract:
- Helder Hermani published a EU Monitor in which he focuses on the ways EU can contribute to the conservation of Amazon rainforests. He provides analysis and proposes 5 specific steps. The European Union is arguably the global power most devoted to the environmental conservation and combating climate change. However, isolated actions tend to prove ineffective in achieving these objectives. "The neoliberal policy oriented to private investments, coupled with the bulky military composition at the highest level of officials, has driven Brazil to pursue two goals in regards to international bodies: a permanent seat in the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and the status of major non-NATO ally.“ "The EU [...] must make it easier for suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, consumers and public authorities to identify products from deforestation-free supply chains.
- Topic:
- Environment, Neoliberalism, Investment, Conservation, and Supply Chains
- Political Geography:
- Europe, South America, and Amazon Basin
14. Designing High-seas Marine Protected Areas to Conserve Blue Carbon Ecosystems: A Climate-essential Development?
- Author:
- Cameron S. G. Jefferies
- Publication Date:
- 11-2019
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
- Abstract:
- The high seas are a critical biodiversity reservoir and carbon sink. Unfortunately, the oceans, generally, and the high seas, in particular, do not feature prominently in international climate mitigation or climate adaptation efforts. There are, however, signals that ocean conservation is poised to occupy a more significant role in international climate law and policy going forward. This paper argues that improved conservation and sustainable use of high-seas living marine resources are essential developments at the convergence of climate action and ocean governance that should manifest, at least in part, as climate-informed high-seas marine protected areas.
- Topic:
- Climate Change, Environment, Water, Maritime, and Conservation
- Political Geography:
- Africa, Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, North America, and Global Focus
15. Historical injustice and “Bogus” claims: Large infrastructure, conservation and forest rights in India
- Author:
- Kanchi Kohli
- Publication Date:
- 06-2019
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre for Policy Research, India
- Abstract:
- This essay examines the role of India’s 2006 Forest Rights Act in the procedures that regulate transfer of forest land to large infrastructure projects. Specifically, it shows the gap between the legally mandated requirements and how these are implemented in project approval processes. This is illustrated through a case study of the coal mining approvals in the Hasdeo Arand forest region in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The essay also outlines the different actors who have influenced the discourses on forest rights of Adivasi and other forest dwelling communities and what they identify as factors that challenge the implementation of this law on the ground. It juxtaposes this analysis in the context of the recent decision of the Supreme Court of India on eviction of forest dwellers and examines whether that would bring in any structural change in the way the law is implemented.
- Topic:
- Environment, Human Rights, Infrastructure, Courts, Conservation, and Land Rights
- Political Geography:
- South Asia, India, and Asia
16. Understanding policy impact amidst controversy: Lessons from forest zoning in Argentina
- Author:
- C. Nolte, Y. le Polain de Waroux, M. Piquer-Rodriguez, V. Butsic, and E.F. Lambin
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Institute for the Study of International Development, McGill University (ISID)
- Abstract:
- Lessons for empirical scholars engaged in debates on conservation policies include: "Impact" must be distinguished from other measures of policy effectiveness. Estimating policy impact requires including appropriate spatial and temporal confounders in the model. Enforcement does not have to be perfect to have a deterrent effect. A policy outcome's success or failure should be assessed based on identified standards.
- Topic:
- Natural Resources, Conservation, and Forest
- Political Geography:
- Argentina and South America
17. To eliminate deforestation in South America, reduce differences in regulations across regions and actors
- Author:
- R. Garrett, E.F. Lambin, and Y. le Polain de Waroux
- Publication Date:
- 01-2017
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Institute for the Study of International Development, McGill University (ISID)
- Abstract:
- Effective deforestation regulations are implemented in places with high conservation value and low opportunity costs. Restrictive deforestation regulations drive away large-scale farms that rely on forest clearing. Increasing regulations do not slow down agricultural expansion, suggesting that large farms avoiding regulations are replaced by smaller farms. Increasing deforestation restrictions makes production costlier, causing major importers to shift to cheaper, less-regulated areas. This shift is partially compensated by rising domestic consumption, and by increasing demand from quality-driven importers.
- Topic:
- Agriculture, Regulation, Conservation, and Forest
- Political Geography:
- South America
18. Reclaiming the Grassland for the Cheetah: Science and Nature Conservation in India
- Author:
- Ghazala Shahabuddin
- Publication Date:
- 12-2015
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Center for the Advanced Study of India
- Abstract:
- The role of scientists in influencing the aims and priorities of biological conservation in developing countries has been a topic of debate and needs elucidation. The Asiatic cheetah reintroduction plan in India sparked much discussion on the pros and cons of attempting to revive the population of a large carnivore that had been missing from the landscape for over half a century. This paper traces the history of cheetah reintroduction with the aim of exploring the relationships amongst the constituencies of scientists, politicians, local communities and the bureaucracy. This paper suggests that the decision to reintroduce the Asiatic cheetah in India was motivated by political symbolism and had little grounding in scientific rigour. Science was used as a legitimizing tool for a politically influenced conservation goal which had little space for socio-economic constraints or academic rigour. While there are many strands of wildlife conservation emerging in India, the dominant paradigm upheld by biologists continues to be negligent of both scientific and social concerns.
- Topic:
- Nationalism, Science and Technology, Conservation, and Nature
- Political Geography:
- South Asia, India, and Asia
19. When modern science meets traditional knowledge: A multi-level process of adaption and resistance
- Author:
- Thomas R. Eimer
- Publication Date:
- 06-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700
- Abstract:
- During the course of bio-prospecting and biodiversity conservation projects, scientists, researchers from the life-science industry, and environmental protection groups attempt to access indigenous and traditional communities’ knowledge of the local biodiversity. They confront these groups with the idea that their knowledge can be commercialized. Although the affected communities partly adapt to this view, they insist on their right to decide autonomously and by their own laws whether they are willing to share their knowledge. External actors, however, often reject the right of indigenous self-determination. The evolving conflicts do not only take place on a local level – varying domestic regulatory approaches also shape them. At the same time, a multitude of international organizations also address the issue of access to traditional knowledge, and their activities in turn shape interactions on a domestic and local level. In this paper, the complex interactions that are associated with the access to traditional knowledge shall be regarded as a multi-level process of adaptation and resistance. Empirically, this paper focuses on traditional knowledge policies in India and Brazil. The analysis of the interplay between local, national, and international traditional knowledge regulations in both countries shall serve to explore some possible avenues for further research on processes of adaption and resistance.
- Topic:
- Environment, Science and Technology, Conservation, Adaptation, and Traditional Knowledge
- Political Geography:
- South Asia, India, Brazil, and South America