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2. From Media-Party Linkages to Ownership Concentration Causes of Cross-National Variation in Media Outlets’ Economic Positioning
- Author:
- Erik Neimanns and Nils Blossey
- Publication Date:
- 11-2022
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (MaxPo)
- Abstract:
- A sizable literature on media bias suggests that media coverage is frequently biased towards certain political and economic positions. However, we know little about what drives variation in political and ideological bias in news coverage across countries. In this paper, we argue that increasingly commercialized and concentrated media markets are likely to be associated with media coverage leaning more favorably towards economically more rightwing positions. Media bias should reflect the preferences of media owners and should be a result of a reduced diversity of news media content. In contrast, where media outlets continue to be oriented more closely along partisan lines, often referred to as political parallelism, bias on economic issues should be more likely to cancel out at the aggregate level. To test these claims, we combine expert survey data on partisan attachments of media outlets, party ideologies, and media ownership concentration for twenty-four European countries. Results from multilevel regression models support our theoretical expectations. With media framing potentially affecting individual-level preferences and perceptions, high and rising levels of media ownership concentration may help to explain why governments in the affluent Western democracies often do remarkably little to counter trends of rising income inequality.
- Topic:
- Politics, Media, News Analysis, and Bias
- Political Geography:
- Europe
3. From Media-Party Linkages to Ownership Concentration: Causes of Cross-National Variation in Media Outlets’ Economic Positioning
- Author:
- Erik Neimanns and Nils Blossey
- Publication Date:
- 08-2022
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies
- Abstract:
- A sizable literature on media bias suggests that media coverage is frequently biased towards certain political and economic positions. However, we know little about what drives variation in political and ideological bias in news coverage across countries. In this paper, we argue that increasingly commercialized and concentrated media markets are likely to be associated with media coverage leaning more favorably towards economically more right-wing positions. Media bias should reflect the preferences of media owners and should be a result of a reduced diversity of news media content. In contrast, where media outlets continue to be oriented more closely along partisan lines, often referred to as political parallelism, bias on economic issues should be more likely to cancel out at the aggregate level. To test these claims, we combine expert survey data on partisan attachments of media outlets, party ideologies, and media ownership concentration for twenty-four European countries. Results from multilevel regression models support our theoretical expectations. With media framing potentially affecting individual-level preferences and perceptions, high and rising levels of media ownership concentration may help to explain why governments in the affluent Western democracies often do remarkably little to counter trends of rising income inequality.
- Topic:
- Politics, Media, News Analysis, and Bias
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
4. Slanted media does not increase police killings
- Author:
- Charles Crabtree and Michael Poyker
- Publication Date:
- 11-2021
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Nottingham Interdisciplinary Centre for Economic and Political Research (NICEP)
- Abstract:
- To what extent do slanted media influence police perceptions and thereby their use of violent forces? We know that media bias affects many aspects of American life, such as perceptions of facts and views of politicians and policies. In this paper, we show that there is little evidence that slanted media influences police violence. To assess this relationship, we employ instrument variable estimation using the quasirandom positioning of FNC in the cable lineup as a source of exogenous variation in viewership. The evidence shows that increased exposure to FNC does not lead to more frequent police killings of Black people or people of other races. Our results suggest that slanted media coverage of crimes does not necessarily lead to fatal racial discrimination by police officers.
- Topic:
- Media, Discrimination, Police, Racism, and Bias
- Political Geography:
- North America and United States of America
5. Women, Peace & Security, and the Digital Ecosystem: Five Emerging Trends in the Technology and Gender Policy Landscape
- Author:
- Sahana Dharmapuri and Jolynn Shoemaker
- Publication Date:
- 01-2021
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Our Secure Future
- Abstract:
- While technology offers immense potential for humanity, the digital ecosystem has also revealed a darker side - and it is closely intertwined with gender inequality. From lack of participation and access to gender-based bias, harassment, and abuse, women’s experiences in the technology space and with digital platforms are often amplifying inequalities. These issues are not central priorities for technology leaders or policymakers, much like other facets of society. There are pockets of attention on gender dynamics, but they are siloed from one another, and this has prevented a full picture of the landscape or its broader implications. Despite some calls for values-driven or human-centered technology development, and for embedding human rights into technology policy, international policy frameworks that underscore human rights and gender equality are largely missing from the conversation. The proliferation of disinformation, targeting of women political candidates, or marginalized groups such as LGBTQ+ communities on Twitter, Facebook, TikTok, and other platforms, are repeating patterns and events in the digital ecosystem that have significant consequences for society. We were able to identify these system failures as repeating events that affect at least 50% of technology companies’ end-users--and half of the world’s population. For policymakers, the costs of ignoring these trends could lead to new technology, peace and security structures, processes that weaken core human rights, and gender equality norms and obligations around the world.
- Topic:
- Science and Technology, Women, Digitalization, WPS, Bias, and Gender
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
6. Let's Take the Bias Out of Econometrics
- Author:
- Duo Qin
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- School of Oriental and African Studies - University of London
- Abstract:
- This study exposes the cognitive flaws of ‘endogeneity bias’. It reviews how conceptualisation of the bias has evolved to embrace all major econometric problems, despite extensive lack of hard evidence. It reveals the crux of the bias – a priori rejection of causal variables as conditionally valid ones, and of the bias correction by consistent estimators – modification of those variables by non-uniquely and non-causally generated regressors. It traces the flaws to misconceived error terms in statistical modelling and estimation consistency. It highlights the need to shake off the bias to let statistical learning play an active and formal role in econometrics.
- Topic:
- Economics, Economic Theory, Models, and Bias
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
7. Do Financing Biases Matter for the Chinese Economy?
- Author:
- Yasheng Huang
- Publication Date:
- 07-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Cato Journal
- Institution:
- The Cato Institute
- Abstract:
- It is widely acknowledged that China’s financial system is deeply troubled. Its banks have very high nonperforming loan ratios and its stock market has lost 50 percent of its value since 2001 amidst a GDP growth rate averaging some 9 percent a year. Those facts about the accounting aspects of China’s financial system are becoming better known in the West. However, what has not been sufficiently highlighted is the precise effect of China’s dysfunctional financial system and its broader pattern of allocating resources—in favor of the state sector at the expense of the private sector—on the Chinese economy and society. Probably the only reason economists and business analysts have found it hard to reconcile the accounting aspects of China’s financial system with the performance aspects of the Chinese economy is that China’s GDP growth has been so impressive. Some experts (e.g., Rawski 2001,Young 2003) have argued that China’s economic performance has not been as impressive as the official statistics indicate. Their work in this area delves into rather specialized and arcane areas of Chinese methods of compiling and reporting data. While this work is analytically important and does resolve some of the puzzles of China’s rapid growth, it is very technical and difficult for nonspecialists to understand. Thus, it is unlikely to grab readers’ attention away from newspaper headlines touting the rise of China and the huge trade surpluses that country has accumulated.
- Topic:
- Economics, Finance, Economy, Banking, and Bias
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia