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121. E-Governance, Police Reforms, and Human Rights in Khyber-Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Author:
Fasihuddin and Syed Ali Raza Zaidi
Publication Date:
12-2015
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Review of Human Rights
Institution:
Society of Social Science Academics (SSSA)
Abstract:
The Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa government is about to pass a legislation (Police Bill 2016) to replace the colonial police law. Moreover, the provincial police administration has already taken certain measures to introduce modern information technology in the policing system. These measures were taken in the larger backdrop of provincial government’s interest in introducing egovernance in the province. In this article we discuss these measures with a focus on whether the police performance and human rights conditions have improved with them.
Topic:
Human Rights, Governance, Reform, and Police
Political Geography:
Pakistan and South Asia

122. The “Chief” and the New Baraza: Harnessing Social Media for Community Policing in Kenya

Author:
Duncan Mainye Omanga
Publication Date:
10-2015
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Social Science Research Council
Abstract:
The exponential growth of social media use in Africa is not in doubt. The rapid rise in the use of mobile telephony, coupled with the spread of Internet-enabled gadgets, has made social media the latest catalyst of a grand transformation in Africa’s social and political complexion. This essay reveals how a local chief in Kenya has taken to using the microblogging website Twitter to radically transform the historical meeting place known as the baraza into a site of peacebuilding and community policing. In this study, the main aim is to show how information and communication technologies (ICTs) are used every day in Lanet Umoja and how they punctu- ate ordinary life to build, in a subtle yet effective way, a more cohesive soci- ety at a very local level. Without exaggerating the impact and place of ICTs in building peace in Africa, I intend to show how a local actor, using local social structures and infrastructures, has attempted, with varying degrees of suc- cess, to create predictable patterns—or routine forms—of consumption and use of ICTs that, in a sense, reproduce a communication “fabric” for fighting crime, responding to emergencies, and creating a virtual vigilante. His use of an ICT also acts as an experimental form of spiritual healing. As several other scholars have argued, caution is needed in making broad claims regarding the impact of ICTs in Africa and whether they are simply refashioning existing communication structures (Nyabuga 2008; Asiedu 2012; Berger 2012; Mudhai et al 2011). In pursuing this study, I had, therefore, to take note of three broad aspects of my research. One was the main actor (the chief), the second was his medium (Twitter; mobile telephony), and the third was his audience (residents of Lanet Umoja). Using Manuel Castells’s idea of the network and John Postill’s of concept actors or agents in a “networked community,” I attempt to show how these three components interact to reproduce the aforementioned “fabric.”
Topic:
Internet, Social Media, Police, and Community
Political Geography:
Kenya and Africa

123. Research on Public Trust in the Police in Turkey

Author:
Nur Kırmızıdağ
Publication Date:
01-2015
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV)
Abstract:
Research on Public Trust in the Police in Turkey, is based on survey data collected on a large-scale sample representative of Turkey. The report provides insights on perceptions of the public with regard to effectiveness/performance, legitimacy of the police and thereby lays bare the level of trust different segments in Turkey attribute to the police. The report utilizes sophisticated statistical methods and, for the first time in Turkey comprehensive scientific models on police trust are being applied giving the opportunity to comparatively analyze the results. Thus the following questions are examined in the report: What is the level of public trust towards police? What are the main components of police trust in Turkey? In how far do police legitimacy and police effectiveness/performance affect police trust in Turkey? What are the factors influencing public’s perception of police legitimacy and effectiveness? How does public’s perception of police legitimacy and effectiveness affect cooperation with and compliance to the police? How does this perception affect public’s toleration of police misconduct? How does public perception of police legitimacy, effectiveness and trust change with regard to different demographic factors in Turkey (political affiliation, ethnic background, religious affinity etc.)?
Topic:
Security, Law Enforcement, Democracy, Legitimacy, Statistics, and Police
Political Geography:
Turkey and Middle East

124. ICE Officers Overwhelmingly Use Their Discretion to Detain LGBT Immigrants

Author:
Sharita Gruberg
Publication Date:
10-2015
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Center for American Progress - CAP
Abstract:
On November 20, 2014, as part of President Barack Obama’s executive actions on immigration, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, or DHS, Secretary Jeh Johnson issued a memorandum that established priorities to guide all aspects of immigration enforcement regarding the apprehension, detention, and removal of unauthorized immigrants.1 Those priorities have focused government resources on addressing threats to public safety, national security, and border security rather than on unauthorized immigrants who have been in the United States for years without committing serious crimes. That memorandum, in addition to outlining enforcement priorities, clarified that certain categories of vulnerable people—unless subject to mandatory detention—should not be detained absent extraordinary circumstances.2 Although the memo does not specifically mention lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender—or LGBT—immigrants, due to their extreme risk of abuse in detention, they are recognized as a “special vulnerability” category by the DHS.3 Data obtained recently by the Center for American Progress through a Freedom of Information Act request revealed that despite the priorities outlined in the memo, the DHS elected to detain a higher percentage of LGBT immigrants who were not subject to mandatory detention in fiscal year 2015 than the year before the memorandum was issued.4 These data indicate that Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, officers ignored Secretary Johnson’s enforcement priorities when making custody decisions for LGBT immigrants.
Topic:
Migration, Immigration, Discrimination, LGBT+, Labor Policies, and Police
Political Geography:
North America and United States of America

125. Security Vetting

Author:
Robert Muharremi
Publication Date:
03-2015
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Kosovar Centre for Security Studies (KCSS)
Abstract:
Security clearance process is among the most important pillars of the security sector in the country. However, despite that we are dealing with a new system of verification, it is compromised and greatly challenged because of the political implications, the clan Individual decisions to grant or denial of a security clearance for civil servants and police personnel and intelligence. As a result, the report identifies shortcomings in the implementation of the Law on Classification of Information and Security Clearances and weaknesses in defining the decision to reject the security permissions.
Topic:
Intelligence, Police, Civil Servants, Vetting, and Security Clearance
Political Geography:
Europe, Kosovo, and Balkans

126. Peace and Corruption

Author:
Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP)
Publication Date:
05-2015
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP)
Abstract:
This report explores the connections between peace and corruption, focusing on the empirical trends between the most authoritative measures of peace and corruption. It fills an important gap as the linkages between peace and corruption are still being deeply studied. The analysis finds that there is a statistically significant relationship between peace and corruption. The most striking aspect of this relationship is the presence of a ‘tipping point’. If a country has low levels of corruption then increases in corruption will have little effect on peace. However, once a certain threshold is reached then small increases in corruption can result in large decreases in peace.
Topic:
Corruption, Government, Peace, Police, and Judiciary
Political Geography:
Global Focus

127. The Changing Face of Technology Use in Pacified Communities

Author:
Graham Denyer Willis, Robert Muggah, Justin Kossyln, and Felipe Leusin
Publication Date:
02-2014
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Igarapé Institute
Abstract:
An increasing number of Rio de Janeiro’s favelas are confronting two simultaneous pressures for change. The introduction of new technologies and the strategy of police pacification are colliding in tangible ways, forming new centers of power and reinforcing others. And this is occurring in an environment marked by escalating suspicion and general mistrust of the police. This Strategic Note is the second of a series and analyzes some of the emerging patterns of information technology use in low-income areas, specifically in relation to resident responses to insecurity and violence. It is possible to detect the rise of ‘technology brokers’ who are curating information. Even so, there is some evidence that the spread of technology is also exacerbating existing anxieties about the preservation of anonymity, particularly when it comes to the sharing of sensitive information.
Topic:
Security, Science and Technology, Violence, Police, and Favelas
Political Geography:
Brazil, South America, and Rio de Janeiro

128. New Technologies for Improving Old Public Security Challenges in Nairobi

Author:
Mads Frilander, Jamie Lundine, David Kutalek, and Luchetu Likaka
Publication Date:
06-2014
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Igarapé Institute
Abstract:
This Strategic Note maps out the digital environment shaping public security in selected informal settlements of Nairobi. It considers the diverse ways in which information communication technologies (ICTs) are being adopted by Kenyan police in informal settlements and by the community in Mathare, one of Nairobi’s most violent informal settlements (or slum). It highlights the views and attitudes of police working in different informal settlements and identifies opportunities and challenges for the introduction of new smart policing tools in the Nairobi context. The use of digital technologies can potentially enhance accountability within the police while simultaneously providing a layer of protection for patrolling officers and improved community safety. The report was prepared as part of the Smart Policing project coordinated by the Igarapé Institute in cooperation with Google Ideas and partners in Cape Town, Nairobi and Rio de Janeiro. The initiative is intended to employ a technology-driven approach to improving the accountability, responsiveness and effectiveness of city-based policing strategies and public security promotion. The research in Nairobi was conducted by the Danish Demining Group (DDG) and Spatial Collective
Topic:
Science and Technology, Police, Informal Settlement, and Public Security
Political Geography:
Kenya and Africa

129. A Comparative Study Evaluating Performance of Old Traffic Police (OTP) & New Traffic Police (NTP) in Twin Cities (Rawalpindi & Islamabad)

Author:
Saif-ur-Rehman Saif Abbasi, Latafat Aziz, and Asim Muneeb Khan
Publication Date:
07-2014
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
South Asian Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The effectiveness of the law enforcement agencies is quite essential for provision of good public services to masses and ensuring law and order. Traffic Police is an important component of policing that secures lives through proper implementation of traffic laws. A study was conducted in twin cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad to explore the effectiveness of the new Traffic Police system and to judge how it performed comparatively better than that of old traffic police. A Random sample of 266 respondents who possessed driving licenses and driving vehicles was drawn from public and private sector institutions and from general public. This included university faculty, drivers in the university departments, taxi and bus drivers and general public driving their personal vehicles. A pre designed questionnaire was used to collect data through field surveys. The study reported that NTP are fair in their dealings with public, have good attitudes in terms of traffic regulation. They provide safety to all road users without discrimination and ensure rule of law through equal application. They strictly follow rules, are having courteous attitude, have mature dealing with public and arrive timely in case of the accident. It was concluded that such type of cultural change needs to be planned in general police especially those working in police stations.
Topic:
Law, Police, Cities, and Behavior
Political Geography:
Pakistan and South Asia

130. Information technologies and provision of national identification cards by the Bolivian Police: Evidence from two randomized natural fields experiments

Author:
Alberto Chong, Gustavo Machicado Salas, and Monica Yanez-Pagans
Publication Date:
03-2014
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Institute for Advanced Development Studies (INESAD)
Abstract:
This paper investigates the potential of information technologies to improve public service delivery and empower citizens in the context of two unusual randomized natural experiments occurring within one particular bureaucratic process: the renewal of a national identification card by the Bolivian Police. The first experiment arises from the random assignment of both police officers and applicants to a manual or digital renewal process, which is identical in all aspects except that the digital renewal process makes use of information technologies as part of the renewal process. The second experiment arises by the existence of technical failures within the digital renewal process, which allows police officers to change from the digital to the manual renewal process randomly across renewal day. The efficiency of public service delivery is measured in terms of both renewal success rates (which average to a strikingly low rate of 72 percent in our sample) and time-it-takes to renew an identification card. The causal effect of information technologies on public service delivery is estimated using two different identification strategies. In the first one, applicant-police officer pairs randomly assigned to each one of these two renewal processes are compared after controlling for renewal day fixed effects. In the second one, applicant-police officer pairs randomly assigned to the digital process are compared to those randomly assigned to this same process but who experienced a technical failure within the process, which allows to directly control for unobserved heterogeneity at the police officer level. We find that information technologies significantly improve the quality of public service delivery. Applicants randomly assigned to the digital renewal process are on average 12 percentage points more likely to complete the renewal process as compared to those randomly assigned to the manual one. Further, successful applicants randomly assigned to the digital process take on average 31 percent less time to complete the process as compared to those randomly assigned to the manual one. Lastly, we find that information technologies significantly lower barriers in access to national identification cards by promoting a more equitable provision across the population. We discuss several channels through which technologies might be improving efficiency and promoting equity within this particular bureaucratic process. Overall, our findings suggest that information technologies might be achieving these goals by introducing efficiencies (such as reducing administrative shortcomings and transaction costs), and limiting the exercise of discretion by police officers within the renewal process.
Topic:
Science and Technology, Police, Bureaucracy, and Information Technology
Political Geography:
South America and Bolivia