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3121. Income Inequality in Rural China: Regression-based Decomposition Using Household Data

Author:
Guanghua Wan and Zhangyue Zhou
Publication Date:
08-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
A considerable literature exists on the measurement of income inequality in China and its increasing trend. Much less is known, however, about the driving forces of this trend and their quantitative contributions. Conventional decompositions, by factor components or by population subgroups, only provide limited information on the determinants of income inequality. This paper represents an early attempt to apply the regression-based decomposition framework to the study of inequality accounting in rural China, using household level data. It is found that geography has been the dominant factor but is becoming less important in explaining total inequality. Capital input emerges as a most significant determinant of income inequality. Farming structure is more important than labour and other inputs in contributing to income inequality across households.
Topic:
Demographics, Development, and Economics
Political Geography:
China and Asia

3122. Fifty Years of Regional Inequality in China: A Journey through Central Planning, Reform, and Openness

Author:
Ravi Kanbur and Xiaobo Zhang
Publication Date:
08-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
This paper constructs and analyses a long-run time-series for regional inequality in China from the Communist Revolution to the present. There have been three peaks of inequality in the last fifty years, coinciding with the Great Famine of the late 1950s, the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s, and finally the period of openness and global integration in the late 1990s. Econometric analysis establishes that regional inequality is explained in the different phases by three key policy variables; the ratio of heavy industry to gross output value, the degree of decentralization, and the degree of openness.
Topic:
Development, Economics, Industrial Policy, and Political Economy
Political Geography:
China and Asia

3123. Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theory and Evidence from India

Author:
Somik V. Lall and Sanjoy Chakravorty
Publication Date:
08-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
We argue that spatial inequality of industry location is a primary cause of spatial income inequality in developing nations. We focus on understanding the process of spatial industrial variation—identifying the spatial factors that have cost implications for firms, and the factors that influence the location decisions of new industrial units. The analysis has two parts. First we examine the contribution of economic geography factors to the cost structure of firms in eight industry sectors and show that local industrial diversity is the one factor with significant and substantial cost reducing effects. We then show that new private sector industrial investments in India are biased toward existing industrial and coastal districts, whereas state industrial investments (in deep decline after structural reforms) are far less biased toward such districts. We conclude that structural reforms lead to increased spatial inequality in industrialization, and therefore, income.
Topic:
Development, Economics, Industrial Policy, and Political Economy
Political Geography:
South Asia and India

3124. Microsimulation, CGE and Macro Modelling for Transition and Developing Economies

Author:
James B. Davies
Publication Date:
06-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
Alternative approaches to modelling distributional and welfare effects of changes in policy and the economic environment in developing and transition countries are surveyed. Microsimulations range from pure accounting approaches to models with behavioural equations based on econometric estimates and various dynamic models. Microsimulation accounting models are key to analysing the impact effects of tax and benefit changes and are becoming widespread. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling endogenizes price changes and changes in industry and labour market structure. An essential CGE input is a social accounting matrix (SAM), which can be used to do simple multiplier analyses. A wide range of macroeconomic models have also been used in developing countries, endogenizing variables like interest rates and exchange rates.
Topic:
Development, Economics, and Human Welfare

3125. Changes in Spatial Income Inequality in the Philippines: An Exploratory Analysis

Author:
Arsenio M. Balisacan and Nobuhiko Fuwa
Publication Date:
05-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to establish some basic facts about income inequality in the Philippines, with a special focus on the importance of spatial income inequality. Despite major fluctuations in macroeconomic performances, income inequality remained relatively stable during the years 1985-2000. Spatial inequality accounts for a sizable but not overwhelming portion of the national-level income inequality, and the relative importance of spatial inequality was declining over time. We also find that mean income levels across provinces were converging at a much faster rate than those observed in currently developed countries.
Topic:
Development, Economics, and Human Welfare
Political Geography:
Philippines and Southeast Asia

3126. Subjective Measures of Well-being

Author:
Ruut Veenhoven
Publication Date:
04-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
This paper deals with three questions: (1) What are 'subjective' measures? (2) What is 'well-being'? and (3) Are subjective measures of well-being of use for policymaking, in particular in developing nations?
Topic:
Development, Human Welfare, and Poverty

3127. Human Well-being: Concepts and Conceptualizations

Author:
Des Gasper
Publication Date:
04-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
Economic measures of income have ignored large areas of human well-being and are poor measures of well-being in the areas to which they attend. Despite increased recognition of those distortions, 'GNP per capita continues to be regarded as the quintessential indicator of a country's living standard' (Partha Dasgupta). Well-being seems to have intuitive plausibility as a concept, but in practice we encounter a bewilderingly diverse family of concepts and approaches, partly reflecting different contexts, purposes, and foci of attention. Is there a unifying framework that yet respects the complexity and diversity of well-being? This paper presents an imperfect comparative and integrative framework that builds on the contributions by Sen and others. We move toward the framework gradually, since well-being concepts are in fact complex entitities which reflect pictures of personhood and of science. Insight grows through surveying a wide range of relevant experience and views, before risking blinkering one's vision in a framework. The paper then uses the framework to examine conceptualizations of human well-being, by Dasgupta, Sen, Nussbaum, Doyal and Gough, and Alkire.
Topic:
Demographics, Development, Human Welfare, and Poverty

3128. Gender-related Indicators of Well-being

Author:
Stephan Klasen
Publication Date:
03-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
This paper discusses the rationale as well as the challenges involved when constructing gender-related indicators of well-being. It argues that such indicators are critically important but that their construction involves a number of conceptual and measurement problems. Among the conceptual issues considered are the space in which gender inequality in well-being is to be measured, whether the indicators should track wellbeing of males and females separately or adjust overall measures of well-being by the gender inequality in well-being, whether gender equality in every indicator is necessarily the goal, how to assess gender inequality that is apparently desired by males and females, and what role indicators of agency or empowerment should play in genderrelated indicators of well-being. Among the most important measurement issues addressed are; the role of the household in allocating resources, the question of stocks versus flows, as well as significant data gaps when it comes to gender inequalities. Where appropriate, remedies to the conceptual and measurement issues are proposed. The paper also briefly reviews UNDP's gender-related indices to illustrate some of the challenges involved.
Topic:
Development, Gender Issues, Human Welfare, and Poverty

3129. Diffusion of Digital Mobile Telephony: Are Developing Countries Different?

Author:
Petri Rouvinen
Publication Date:
02-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
Factors determining the diffusion of digital mobile telephony across 200 developed and developing countries in the 1990s are studied with the aid of a Gompertz model. The market size and network effects are found to play more important roles in the developing countries; there is also more need for complementing innovations in, for example, financial and payment systems. Even though the developing countries have disadvantages, being late entrants in digital mobile telephony is to their advantage and promotes cross-country convergence. Overall digital technologies are best seen as equalizers, and thus the divide is rather socio-economic or analog than digital.
Topic:
Demographics, Development, Globalization, and Science and Technology

3130. Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Poverty Analysis

Author:
Erik Thorbecke
Publication Date:
04-2004
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to review a number of issues related to poverty, while taking stock of the ongoing research. Most of the remaining unresolved issues in poverty analysis are related directly or indirectly to the dynamics of poverty. Before the development community can become more successful in designing and implementing poverty-alleviation strategies, within the context of growth, we need to understand better the conditions under which some households remain permanently (chronically) poor and how others move in and out of poverty. In what follows we review the state of the art under a number of interrelated headings: (1) Chronic vs. transient poverty; (2) Poverty and vulnerability; (3) The determination of the poverty line across time and countries; (4) The quantitative vs. qualitative approach to poverty measurement; and (5) Growth, inequality and poverty.
Topic:
Development, Economics, Human Welfare, and Poverty