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252. The Politics of Interdependence: A Case of ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor
- Author:
- Manzoor Khan Afridi and Iram Khalid
- Publication Date:
- 07-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- South Asian Studies
- Institution:
- Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
- Abstract:
- China-Pakistan strategic partnership is evolving into the politics of interdependence by encompassing not only the defense dimension but also the trade, investment, energy and infrastructure development. The proposed China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a mega project which will connect the north-western Sinkiang autonomous region‘s Kashgar city with the Pakistan‘s Gwadar Port. It is equally important both for China and Pakistan on the one hand and for the regional states of South Asia, Middle East, landlocked Central Asia and East Asia, on the other. It will provide China a shortest route of about 2500 kilometers to link with Middle East by the Pakistan‘s much needed road and railway network. A huge amount of 46 billion US dollars is allocated for the project to uplift Pakistan‘s development by meeting the energy needs, building industrial parks and economic zones. This paper will use the paradigm of interdependence to analyze the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Interdependence is a broad term which refers to such situations of reciprocal effects among the states or actors in different states. It is not only applicable to political-military interdependence but also to politicaleconomic interdependence. Here in the case it has been observed that with the rise of China and its rapidly growing economy, a relatively peaceful environment and neighborhood is imperative. With the completion of CPEC, this interdependence seems to be transformed into Complex Interdependence by creating more peaceful environment and war; costly.
- Topic:
- Development, Energy Policy, Politics, Regional Cooperation, Infrastructure, and Economy
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan, China, South Asia, and Punjab
253. China’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East
- Author:
- Umbreen Javaid and Meer Waheed
- Publication Date:
- 07-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
- Abstract:
- The importance of energy rich Middle East region for competing oil dependent economies of China and U.S.A is becoming more intriguing calling for cautious analytical insights for a better understanding. The convergence of interest of U.S and China coupled with the volatile political environment associated with this region questions the notion of „peaceful rise of China‟, the nature of its role in the region, and its commitment to retain neutrality which is analyzed in this paper by drawing inferences from its overall foreign policy behavior in the global affairs China is emerging as an influential actor in international politics owing to its massive economic strength coupled with rapidly developing military might and advancements in science and technology. China‟s journey of development is necessarily hinged upon an uninterrupted supply of energy which is the life line of both its economic and military prowess and in that context the importance of oil rich Middle East region becomes manifold owing to the major chunks of the crude oil china imports from this region. The strategic importance of Middle East region for the U.S.A is also an established fact that presents an interesting case study for analyzing future course of China-U.S strategic relations.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Energy Policy, Oil, Economy, and Soft Power
- Political Geography:
- China, Middle East, and United States of America
254. Corruption Reports 2016: Assessment of Turkey’s State-Owned Energy Enterprises
- Author:
- Esra Gürakar, H. Ceren Zeytinoğlu, K. İpek Miscioğlu, and R. Evren Aydoğan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV)
- Abstract:
- The insights gained from the research and advocacy efforts of the first phase of SELDI put forward that energy is one of the most susceptible sectors to corruption in all nine SELDI partner countries. Turkey differs from the rest of the SELDI countries in terms of energy sector and state-owned enterprise (SOE) sizes, dynamics, and recent debates.
- Topic:
- Corruption, Energy Policy, Natural Resources, State, Accountability, and Transparency
- Political Geography:
- Turkey and Middle East
255. Global Energy Debates and the Eastern Mediterranean
- Author:
- Ayla Gürel Moran, Harry G. Tzimitras, and Hubert Faustmann
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Atlantic Council
- Abstract:
- On 16 November 2016 the PRIO Cyprus Centre (PCC), the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Cyprus (FES) and the Atlantic Council (AC) co-hosted a one-day conference entitled ‘Global Energy Debates and the East Mediterranean’. The conference, held in the UN Buffer Zone in Nicosia, was organised with a view to introducing the Cypriot public to the increasingly complex global energy terrain. Thus, the main focus of the deliberations was not the Eastern Mediterranean, but rather the broader energy picture surrounding the region. The international experts who attended the conference presented topics that concern some of the more salient broader debates, such as the link between energy and global warming as well as the energy relations of the European Union, which constitutes the largest potential market in the neighbourhood for the hydrocarbons of the Eastern Mediterranean. The latter included examination of three important cases to Europe’s east: Russia, Iran, and Turkey. East Mediterranean energy develop- ments and regional cooperation prospects were also discussed by a panel of experts from Cyprus, Egypt and Israel. This edited volume comprises contributions submitted by speakers based on their talks delivered at the conference.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy, Environment, International Organization, and International Affairs
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
256. Promoting green growth in Colombia: A post-conflict opportunity?
- Author:
- Louise Van Schaik
- Publication Date:
- 11-2016
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations
- Abstract:
- This policy brief addresses the opportunities for and impediments to green growth and energy security in Colombia. As a result of renewed international activity and high vulnerability to the effects of climate change, Colombia has embraced ambitious green growth objectives and climate change mitigation goals. Rapid economic growth and rising peak demand centres for energy may well go hand in hand with clean energy uptake. Most Colombian citizens are highly aware of the need for a low-carbon growth trajectory and the country has already invested substantially in renewable energy development. However, dominance of private sector interests within the state, resulting from a powerful transnational alliance of extractive industries, may hamper long-term green growth efforts to succeed. Greening the private sector in a post-conflict Colombia may prove to be one of the crucial steps in consolidating Colombia’s low-carbon growth trajectory.
- Topic:
- Development, Energy Policy, and Environment
- Political Geography:
- Colombia
257. Kenya: A green growth utopia?
- Author:
- Ries Kamphof
- Publication Date:
- 11-2016
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Clingendael Netherlands Institute of International Relations
- Abstract:
- This policy brief addresses the opportunities for and impediments to green growth and energy security in Kenya. It is part of a two-year research project on energy security and green growth in middle income countries by means of political economy analysis. Other project outputs can be found here. Kenya has taken a leading role in the region on several fronts, including its ambitions to address climate change and boost green growth while improving the country’s energy security. Efforts have been underway to realise this goal. Most vividly illustrated by the execution of large-scale geothermal, hydro and wind power projects. Yet, not all is straightforward. Constitutional reform has led to a new institutional framework which presents both opportunities and obstacles to green growth implementation. Moreover, the presence of oil and coal reserves and the ambition to exploit these threaten efforts to build a low-carbon economy. Kenya is currently at crossroads, and decisions taken today may influence its green growth potential for the decades to come.
- Topic:
- Development, Energy Policy, and Environment
- Political Geography:
- Kenya
258. Energy security and green growth in Indonesia
- Author:
- Xander van Tilburg, Gustya Indriani, and Santiago Villaveces-Izquierdo
- Publication Date:
- 11-2016
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Abstract:
- Still a long way to go - Energy security and green growth in Indonesia This policy brief addresses the opportunities and impediments of green growth and energy security in Indonesia. Over the past 20 years, Indonesia has witnessed substantial economic growth along with a process of democratisation and decentralisation. This has resulted in a rapidly rising energy demand, which is expected to triple by 2030. Responses so far have mostly focussed on tapping into the nation’s large fossil fuel reserves while also increasing energy imports. There are opportunities for Indonesia to couple energy security with green growth objectives. For instance by exploiting its enormous geothermal energy potential and by coupling financial and efficiency gains to green growth implementation. However, as this policy brief outlines, major challenges need to be overcome if Indonesia is to embark on a green growth trajectory. This policy brief is part of a two-year research project on energy security and green growth in middle income countries by means of political economy analysis. Other project outputs can be found here.
- Topic:
- Development, Energy Policy, and Environment
- Political Geography:
- Indonesia
259. Economic Impact of Removing Energy Subsidies in Malaysia
- Author:
- Shigeru Kimura
- Publication Date:
- 10-2016
- Content Type:
- Research Paper
- Institution:
- Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
- Abstract:
- The share of demand for fossil-fuel based energy (i.e. coal and oil) in Malaysia will remain the largest in 2035. This significant demand is largely driven by the stable economic growth as well as the energy prices that are kept low by its energy subsidy policy across sectors. While it is widely acknowledged that subsidy encourages overconsumption and inefficient resource allocation, subsidy reforms will bring structural changes at all economic levels. Therefore, the effects of fuel subsidy removal need to be simulated to help government formulate mitigating measures to cushion the effects on most affected sectors. This research is divided into two parts: the first part estimates the price impact on industry subsectors as an offshoot of energy subsidies removal by applying 2010 Malaysian Input-Output Table; the second part measures the economic impact of removing energy subsidies using a Malaysian macroeconomic model.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy, International Political Economy, and Climate Finance
- Political Geography:
- Malaysia
260. Joint Study for Liquefied Natural Gas Market
- Author:
- Ken Koyama, Ichiro Kutani, and Yanfei Li
- Publication Date:
- 10-2016
- Content Type:
- Research Paper
- Institution:
- Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
- Abstract:
- Energy demand in many East Asia Summit countries is on an upward trend, thus making the role of natural gas in energy supply increasingly important from various aspects. Yet the market for liquefied natural gas (LNG) is in transition in terms of geographical and quantitative expansion, diversification of price formations, and lower oil and gas prices. In order to balance benefits between importers and exporters and to find workable solutions for developing a sustainable LNG market in various energy situations in importing and exporting countries, the LNG market players and policymakers are encouraged to enhance their efforts to create a more flexible, transparent, and sustainable LNG market in Asia. Whereas the private sector is mainly responsible for commercial deals, the public sector is encouraged to support in improving business environment to develop a better-functioning LNG market especially in terms of flexibility, price formation, and gas supply security, and in securing necessary investments.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy and International Trade and Finance
- Political Geography:
- Southeast Asia