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12. Explaining the Prevalence, Scaling and Variance of Urban Phenomena
- Author:
- Andres Gomez-Lievano, Oscar Patterson-Lomba, and Ricardo Hausmann
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
- Abstract:
- The prevalence of many urban phenomena changes systematically with population size1. We propose a theory that unifies models of economic complexity2, 3 and cultural evolution4 to derive urban scaling. The theory accounts for the difference in scaling exponents and average prevalence across phenomena, as well as the difference in the variance within phenomena across cities of similar size. The central ideas are that a number of necessary complementary factors must be simultaneously present for a phenomenon to occur, and that the diversity of factors is logarithmically related to population size. The model reveals that phenomena that require more factors will be less prevalent, scale more superlinearly and show larger variance across cities of similar size. The theory applies to data on education, employment, innovation, disease and crime, and it entails the ability to predict the prevalence of a phenomenon across cities, given information about the prevalence in a single city.
- Topic:
- Economics, Urbanization, Employment, and Economic Theory
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus and United States of America
13. From College to Jobs: Making Sense of Labor Market Returns to Higher Education
- Publication Date:
- 04-2015
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Aspen Institute
- Abstract:
- This report summarizes key findings from recent research on links between higher education and the workforce. Featuring eight brief papers from leading education and workforce experts from around the country, the report offers practical advice for institutional leaders, policymakers, students and their advisers about how to use the increasingly available information on the economic value of higher education. Specifically, the authors’ papers and the opening summary explore what various audiences can learn from emerging evidence about: variations in labor market outcomes by program and institution; the value of degrees to jobs both in and out of fields studied; returns to the completion of certain course clusters that don’t add up to a degree; and distortions that may result from examining returns to individual degrees rather than “stacked” degrees.
- Topic:
- Economics, Education, Labor Issues, Global Markets, and Employment
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
14. Migration in OECD countries Labour Market Impact and Integration Issues
- Author:
- Sébastien Jean, Orsetta Causa, Miguel Jimenez, and Isabelle Wanner
- Publication Date:
- 07-2007
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Abstract:
- immigration for natives' labour market outcomes, as well as issues linked to immigrants' integration in the host country labour market. Changes in the share of immigrants in the labour force may have a distributive impact on natives' wages, and a temporary impact on unemployment. However, labour market integration of immigrants (as well as integration of second-generation immigrants - both in terms of educational attainments and of labour market outcomes) remains the main challenge facing host economies. In both cases, product and labour market policies have a significant role to play in easing the economy's adjustment to immigration.
- Topic:
- Migration, Labor Issues, Immigration, and Employment
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
15. Integration of Immigrants in OECD Countries Do Policies Matter?
- Author:
- Orsetta Causa and Sébastien Jean
- Publication Date:
- 07-2007
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Abstract:
- This working paper assesses the ease of immigrants' integration in OECD labour markets by estimating how an immigration background influences the probability of being active or employed and the expected hourly earnings, for given individual characteristics. Applying the same methodology to comparable data across twelve OECD countries, immigrants are shown to significantly lag behind natives in terms of employment and/or wages. The differences narrow as years since settlement elapse, especially as regards wages, reflecting progressive assimilation. Strong differences in immigrant-to-native gaps are also observed across countries, and the paper shows that they may, to a significant extent, be explained by differences in labour market policies, in particular unemployment benefits, the tax wedge and the minimum wage. In addition, immigrants are shown to be overrepresented among outsiders in the labour market and, as such, highly sensitive to the difference in employment protection legislation between temporary and permanent contracts.
- Topic:
- Migration, Labor Issues, Immigration, Employment, and Social Services
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus