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1. Vaccine Passports and Freedom of Movement in the EU

Author:
Adam Szymański
Publication Date:
02-2021
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
The Polish Institute of International Affairs
Abstract:
Together with the beginning of the COVID-19 vaccination process in the European Union, the preparations of a common Community-wide immunity certificate began. The guidelines adopted at the end of January cover the medical requirements for this health certificate, however, many countries would like to extend their use for travel within the EU/Schengen area. This could contribute to the revival of tourism in Europe, although it is difficult to implement without affecting the freedom of movement.
Topic:
Tourism, European Union, Vaccine, and Freedom of Movement
Political Geography:
Europe

2. The Impact of Online Content on Portuguese Tourism

Author:
David Goodger
Publication Date:
11-2019
Content Type:
Research Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
The Portuguese tourism industry has benefitted from a greater embrace of online content, driving engagement with travellers and ultimately creating new jobs. This study explores the value of online content to the tourism economy in Portugal, building on prior analysis for Southern European destinations. The analysis quantifies the proportion of recent tourism growth which was generated by successfully embracing online platforms and with an improved focus on digital skills. Remaining growth opportunities are also estimated, including the potential for job creation, from increased investment in digital infrastructure and skills. This will help to meet higher tourism growth targets.
Topic:
Tourism, Digital Economy, Customer Service, and Consumerism
Political Geography:
Europe and Portugal

3. The Impact of a 'No-Deal' Brexit on travel and Tourism

Author:
Simon Kyte, David Goodger, and Helen McDermott
Publication Date:
12-2018
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
A “no-deal” Brexit would cause a 5% drop in UK outbound travel and tourism trips in 2020, because of the stifled economic backdrop and impact of a weaker pound. Ireland and Spain would be the hardest hit from fewer UK visitors. In contrast, the weaker pound could mean that UK tourism inflows are 4% higher in a “no-deal” scenario, provided there is no travel disruption. But lower levels of domestic tourism mean that we would expect UK travel and tourism GDP to be 2% lower than our baseline forecast in 2020.
Topic:
Diplomacy, Economics, Regional Cooperation, Tourism, European Union, and Brexit
Political Geography:
United Kingdom and Europe

4. The Economic Impact of Gatwick Airport

Author:
Pete Collings and Osman Ismail
Publication Date:
01-2017
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
Oxford Economics were appointed by the Gatwick Growth Board (GGB) to provide an independent assessment of Gatwick Airport's local, regional and national impact. The GGB was established in 2016 to examine the economic and social consequences of Gatwick Airport’s future plans for growth and expansion. The resulting study represents the most detailed assessment to date of Gatwick's economic footprint, and will provide evidence for the GGB's strategic work over the coming year. It finds that Gatwick Airport’s operations and services deliver very significant economic benefits for the UK, with its national GDP contribution reaching £5.3 billion in 2016, equivalent to 0.3% of the UK's total. Some 43 million passenger journeys passed through Gatwick during that year, underlining its position as a key component of national infrastructure. In addition, the report measures the Airport's wider impact, beyond its direct transport benefits to passengers and airlines. At the centre of a complex network of supply chains, Gatwick Airport enables activity throughout the Gatwick Diamond area, and beyond. The salaries sustained by employment at the Gatwick site also provide an invaluable contribution to the local consumer economy. The study also explores the potential for the Airport to deliver an even greater economic contribution in future.
Topic:
Economics, Tourism, Transportation, and Airline Companies
Political Geography:
United Kingdom and Europe

5. The Impact of Online Content on European Tourism

Author:
David Goodger
Publication Date:
07-2017
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
This study explores the value of online content to the tourism economies of six southern European countries: Greece, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, Croatia and Malta. The analysis quantifies the proportion of recent tourism growth generated by greater use of online platforms. Improvements since the previous report (produced in 2013) are highlighted. Remaining growth opportunites are estimated, including the potential for job creation, from increased internet adoption by the tourism industry in each country to meet source market demands.
Topic:
Tourism, Digital Economy, Internet, Customer Service, and Consumerism
Political Geography:
Europe

6. Economic Valuation of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Author:
Oxford Economics
Publication Date:
04-2016
Content Type:
Research Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
This study assesses the total economic value generated by the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew. It considers a range of benefits, including the value accruing to visitors; the value attributed to Kew by non-users; educational benefits for visiting students; and productivity benefits which result from RBG Kew’s scientific research. We find that RBG generated a total of £182 million of economic value for the UK in 2014/15. A further £8 million of value accrues to international visitors and students. This valuation should be regarded as conservative since it does not incorporate some important areas of RBG Kew's work, such as the ‘insurance’ value and potential future economic value of species held in RBG Kew’s scientific collections; the benefits of increased planting activity encouraged amongst the wider UK population; and the international value of RBG Kew’s scientific research. The latter, in particular, could be very substantial, both because of the large contribution Kew makes to the infrastructure upon which large swathes of plant biology research around the world rely, and because much of RBG Kew’s conservation and other applied work primarily benefits other countries.
Topic:
Science and Technology, Tourism, Conservatism, and Economic Development
Political Geography:
United Kingdom and Europe

7. Exploring the Uncharted Export: An Analysis of Tourism-Related Foreign Expenditure with International Spend Data

Author:
Michele Coscia, Ricardo Hausmann, and Frank Neffke
Publication Date:
11-2016
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University
Abstract:
Tourism is one of the most important economic activities in the world: for many countries it represents the single largest product in their export basket. However, it is a product difficult to chart: "exporters" of tourism do not ship it abroad, but they welcome importers inside the country. Current research uses social accounting matrices and general equilibrium models, but the standard industry classifications they use make it hard to identify which domestic industries cater to foreign visitors. In this paper, we make use of open source data and of anonymized and aggregated transaction data giving us insights about the spend behavior of foreigners inside two countries, Colombia and the Netherlands, to inform our research. With this data, we are able to describe what constitutes the tourism sector, and to map the most attractive destinations for visitors. In particular, we find that countries might observe different geographical tourists' patterns - concentration versus decentralization -; we show the importance of distance, a country's reported wealth and cultural affinity in informing tourism; and we show the potential of combining open source data and anonymized and aggregated transaction data on foreign spend patterns in gaining insight as to the evolution of tourism from one year to another.
Topic:
Economics, Political Economy, and Tourism
Political Geography:
Europe, Colombia, South America, and Netherlands

8. Terrorism and the Regional and Religious Risk Perception of Foreigners: The Case of German Tourists

Author:
Gabriel Ahlfeldt, Bastian Franke, and Wolfgang Maennig
Publication Date:
03-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Chair for Economic Policy, University of Hamburg
Abstract:
This paper analyses how German tourists react to unanticipated shocks that alter their risk perception of selected tourism destinations. Using a difference-in-difference strategy which flexibly accounts for macroeconomic conditions and also addresses potential problems of serial correlation, we isolate significant effects of the 9/11 (2001) terrorist attacks, as well as for the attacks in Egypt (1997), Tunisia (2002), Morocco (2003) and Indonesia (2003). These terror attacks impacted especially on Islamic countries all over the world, indicating a transmission mechanism driven by ethnic and religious proximity. At the same time, tourism into Islamic countries was temporarily substituted by tourism to (south) European countries.
Topic:
Islam, Terrorism, Tourism, 9/11, and Risk
Political Geography:
Europe, Indonesia, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia