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12. Contracting with NGOs for Social Services: Building Civil Society and Efficient Local Government in Russia
- Author:
- Raymond Struyk
- Publication Date:
- 09-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- A decade after the beginning of the transition to democracy in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union it is clear that the nonprofit sector has developed remarkably in many countries in the region. Progress is especially striking in Eastern Europe (EE); on the other hand, development has been notably limited in most countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) where liberal democracy has had little chance to take root (Anheier and Seibel 1998; Hyatt, Cooper, and Knight 1998; Kuti 1999; Nowicki 2000; Quigley 2000). Kendell,Anheier, and Potucek (2000).
- Topic:
- Development, Human Welfare, and Non-Governmental Organization
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Europe, Eastern Europe, and Soviet Union
13. Unemployment Protection in Chile
- Author:
- Wayne Vroman
- Publication Date:
- 08-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- Interruptions of earnings caused by unemployment and reductions in the real value of earnings caused by inflation are two important risks that face persons active in the labor market. The following paragraphs discuss these phenomena and the possible mechanisms for addressing the risks that they pose.
- Topic:
- Economics, Government, and Human Welfare
- Political Geography:
- South America, Latin America, and Chile
14. The Gender Impact of Pension Reform in Latin America—and Broader Policy Implications
- Author:
- Estelle James, Alejandra Cox Edwards, and Rebeca Wong
- Publication Date:
- 06-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- Over the past two decades multipillar pension systems that include both a public defined benefit (DB) and private defined contribution (DC) pillar have been adopted in many countries. Critics of these pension reforms argue that the tight link between payroll contributions and benefits in the DC pillar will produce lower pensions for women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that multipillar systems remove distortions that favored men and permit a more targeted public pillar that will help women. To test these conflicting claims about multipillar reforms, and to analyze more generally the gender impact of alternative pension systems, this paper examines the differential impact on the two genders of the new and old systems in three Latin American countries—Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. On the basis of household survey data, we simulate the employment histories of representative men and women and the pensions that these are likely to generate under the new and old rules.
- Topic:
- Economics, Gender Issues, and Human Welfare
- Political Geography:
- Argentina, South America, Latin America, Central America, North America, Mexico, and Chile
15. Participation in a Decentralized Housing Allowance Program in a Transition Economy
- Author:
- Tatiana Lykova, Sergei Sivaev, Raymond J. Struyk, and Ekaterina Petrova
- Publication Date:
- 05-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- When Russia's housing allowance program, the country's first means-tested program, was introduced in 1994, it was truly innovative. But there were difficulties from the start, many arising from the division of authority for setting program parameters among different levels of government and the potential for variation in the treatment of similar households in different cities. In 1996, the program's original simple basis for benefit determination was seriously impaired by the introduction of different principles for very low-income households. Moreover, local governments have exhibited a willingness to vary benefits from year-to-year, depending on political and budgetary considerations. The analysis presented here documents the impact of these variations on participation rates in a sample of Russian cities. Large inequities are obviously present in the treatment of similar households from city to city. Indeed, it is questionable whether the program as currently configured is fulfilling the social safety net function envisioned for it in the original legislation.
- Topic:
- Development, Government, and Human Welfare
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Europe, and Asia
16. How Are Immigrants Faring After Welfare Reform?: Preliminary Evidence from Los Angeles and New York City - Final Report
- Author:
- Randy Capps, Michael Fix, Dan Perez-Lopez, Jeffrey Passel, Leighton Ku, Chris Furgiuele, Rajeev Ramchand, and Scott McNiven
- Publication Date:
- 02-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- In 1996, debates about welfare reform and immigration converged and reshaped federal policies about the eligibility of legally admitted immigrants for means-tested public benefits programs, including the Food Stamp Program (FSP), Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Before the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) was enacted in 1996, legal immigrants were eligible for benefits on terms similar to those of native-born citizens. The new law significantly limited the eligibility of legally-admitted immigrants for means-tested federal benefit programs, particularly immigrants entering the United States after the welfare reform law was passed in August 1996.
- Topic:
- Government, Human Welfare, and Migration
- Political Geography:
- United States
17. Immigrant Well-Being in New York and Los Angeles
- Author:
- Randy Capps and Michael E. Fix
- Publication Date:
- 08-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- Despite their strong attachment to the labor force, large numbers of immigrants and their families in New York and Los Angeles have low incomes, lack health insurance, and are food insecure. The most powerful predictor of poverty and hardship is their limited English skills. Legal immigrants arriving after welfare reform's enactment in 1996—who have the most restricted access to public benefits—are poorer than immigrants arriving before the law's enactment.
- Topic:
- Economics, Human Welfare, and Migration
- Political Geography:
- United States and New York
18. The Health and Well-Being of Children in Immigrant Families
- Author:
- Randy Capps, Michael Fix, and Jame Reardon-Anderson
- Publication Date:
- 11-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- Children of immigrants are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population under age 18 (Van Hook and Fix 2000). One in five children in the United States is the child of an immigrant, evidence of the demographic impact of recent rapid immigration. In addition, one in four low income children is an immigrant's child (Fix, Zimmermann, and Passel 2001). But despite their demographic and policy significance, children of immigrants and their well-being are rarely studied on a national scale. In this brief, we present a number of key indicators—both positive and negative—of child well-being. The measures fall within three areas: (1) family environment, (2) physical and emotional health, and (3) access to needed services.
- Topic:
- Human Welfare, Migration, and Poverty
- Political Geography:
- United States
19. The Dispersal of Immigrants in the 1990s
- Author:
- Randy Capps, Michael Fix, and Jeffrey Passel
- Publication Date:
- 11-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- The U.S. immigrant population grew rapidly during the 1990s, with growth rates especially high across a wide band of states in the Southeast, Midwest, and Rocky Mountain regions. In many of these states, the foreign-born population more than doubled between 1990 and 2000.
- Topic:
- Demographics, Human Welfare, and Migration
- Political Geography:
- United States
20. The Community Capacity Fund: Understanding its Role in Strengthening the Washington, D.C. Region After 9/11
- Author:
- Rachel Mosher-Williams
- Publication Date:
- 09-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- The Community Capacity Fund (CCF), a program of Washington Grantmakers, is acknowledged as a new model of national funding for local, collaborative grantmaking. In the face of serious community needs and concerns post–September 11, 2001, as well as many potential ways to address those needs, the Fund developed a framework for strengthening the ability of nonprofits to respond to the terrorist attacks. An investment by the Ford Foundation (and, ultimately, several other funders) in the Washington, D.C., region's recovery enabled a large group of experienced local grant makers and nonprofit leaders to jointly translate that framework into action. Within less than a year, CCF awarded $1,400,055 in grants to organizations advocating for and reemploying workers dislocated by September 11, as well as to organizations developing cross-jurisdictional efforts to respond to future disasters.
- Topic:
- Economics, Human Welfare, and Non-Governmental Organization
- Political Geography:
- United States and Washington
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