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Begin New Search Publishing Institution The Sexual Violence Research Initiative

21. Rape Perpetration: A Review

Author:
R Jewkes
Publication Date:
07-2012
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Rape can have an enduring impact on the lives, and health of victims, their families and communities. Both men and women perpetrate sexual violence (Sikweyiya and Jewkes 2009), however the majority of sexual offences are committed by men (Steffensmeier and Zhong et al 2006). Research on what drives perpetration of rape and other forms of sexual violence is needed to inform prevention programmes–for this it is necessary to study men. This briefing paper summarises the key issues drawn from a larger review on rape perpetration including research on risk factors for sexual violence perpetration, the methodologies used to identify these risk factors and discusses the implications of this research for rape prevention strategies. Most of the literature reviewed focused on perpetration of sexual violence by men against women and girls. For the purposes of this paper, risk factors are factors that increase the risk (likelihood) of a person perpetrating sexual violence.
Topic:
Gender Issues, Health, Human Rights, Human Welfare, and Health Care Policy

22. Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Research on the Perpetration of Sexual Violence

Author:
E Dartnall, R Jewkes, and Y Sikweyiya
Publication Date:
01-2012
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Scientific research can and should play a critical role in raising the public profile and understanding of sexual violence at global, regional and national levels and help to define appropriate responses. Sexual violence perpetration is a relatively neglected area of research. As global and national agendas shift from responding to victims and incidents to primary prevention, there is increasing recognition of the importance of research with men and boys, including those who have perpetrated sexual violence. This area of research is highly sensitive, with distinct ethical challenges, and requires careful preparation, attention to legal issues and thoughtful dissemination of the research findings. Researchers who want to better understand sexual violence perpetration need a comprehensive understanding of the ethical issues involved. A paper published by the SVRI on ethics and research with men who commit sexual violence, highlights the lack of guidance for this work (Hearn, Andersson Cowburn 2007). It is against this background that these ethical and safety recommendations for doing research on perpetration of sexual violence have been developed.
Topic:
Development, Gender Issues, Health, Human Rights, Human Welfare, and Health Care Policy

23. A research agenda for sexual violence in humanitarian, conflict and post-conflict settings

Author:
E Dartnall, Elizabeth Rowley, and Claudia Garcia-Moreno
Publication Date:
01-2012
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Conflict-related sexual violence has been a feature of war for generations, and in many places around the world. In recent years, however, members of the international community including, United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict (UN Action), governments, humanitarian organizations, grassroots movements, and researchers, have challenged the notion that rape and other forms of sexual assault and abuse are an inevitable part of conflict, and that the needs of conflict-related sexual violence survivors are not a priority. There has been growth in the number and scale of programs to address the needs of female sexual violence survivors in humanitarian, conflict and post-conflict situations, as well as increasing efforts aimed at preventing sexual violence. Yet it is a complex issue, and the needs of both women and men, and girls and boys, who live with the health, social, psychological, justice, and economic consequences of sexual violence, and the challenges of preventing conflict-related sexual violence, continue to outstrip available resources.
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Gender Issues, Human Rights, Human Welfare, and War

24. Care and Support of Male Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence

Author:
Michael Peel, Wynne Russell, Alastair Hilton, Lizle Loots, and Liz Dartnall
Publication Date:
12-2011
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
The world is increasingly aware that armed conflict and sexual violence against women and girls often go hand in hand. However, armed conflict also brings danger of sexual violence for men and boys. Male survivors of sexual violence are less likely than women and girls to disclose assaults (Callender and Dartnall 2011), with the result that such violence is "vastly under-represented" in official statistics (WHO 2002: 154). Nevertheless, sexual violence against men and boys—including rape, sexual torture and mutilation, castration, sexual humiliation, forced incest and forced rape, and sexual enslavement—is a pervasive feature of armed conflicts around the globe. It can emerge in any form of conflict—from interstate wars to civil wars to localised conflicts—and in any cultural context (Russell 2008).
Topic:
Conflict Resolution, Political Violence, Gender Issues, Human Rights, War, and Sex Trafficking

25. A systematic review of parenting interventions to prevent child abuse tested with Randomised Control Trial (RCT) designs in high income countries

Author:
Laura McCloskey
Publication Date:
12-2011
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Child abuse is not a stand-alone family problem, and is associated with multiple risk factors. Some demographic risk factors which correlate with child abuse are low family income; bearing a child before age 18; mother unmarried and low educational attainment. Psychosocial risks include drug or alcohol dependency, depression and parenting stress. Finally, parents who are coercive, lack knowledge about childrearing, and tend to blame infants and children for age appropriate behaviors are at risk for abusing their children. Many parenting interventions reviewed in this paper target more than one risk factor.
Topic:
Demographics, Gender Issues, Human Rights, Poverty, and Sociology

26. Modifying Gender Role Stereotypes in Children

Author:
Laura McCloskey
Publication Date:
12-2011
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Gender stereotypes exist in all cultures, conveyed through media messages, television, music, religious and cultural institutions, and even toys. Parents convey expectations of gender role conformity starting in infancy' with one study finding that parents hold gender-typed expectations of their sons and daughters in the first 24 hours following birth. Another found that children show an awareness of their parents' communication about gender roles from two to two-and-a-half years of age' with the early provision of gender differentiated toy selection typically reflecting parental stereotypes. These gender stereotypes persist throughout childhood, with parents choosing, and rewarding' certain stereotypical activities for their children, from playing with dolls for girls to sports activities for boys. Additionally, childhood peers and teachers play a significant role as children enter school. While both mothers and fathers contribute to the gender stereotyping of their children, fathers have been found to reinforce gender stereotypes more often than mothers.
Topic:
Gender Issues, Political Theory, Social Stratification, and Sociology

27. Global Review of National Prevention Policies

Author:
Lizle Loots, Liz Dartnall, and Rachel Jewkes
Publication Date:
12-2011
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Reducing and preventing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) has been recognised as a key strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015. SGBV hampers countries' efforts to eradicate poverty as it decreases productivity and can deprive young girls of an education (World Health Organisation, 2005b). The consequences of sexual violence may carry over generations, influencing the development and progress of individuals, families, communities, societies and countries over time (Morrison, Quadara Boyd, 2007; Ellsberg, 2006; United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2002). Primary prevention of sexual violence can save both lives and money (WHO/LSHTM, 2010). Policies and guidelines on how best to prevent sexual violence from occurring should therefore form a key part of national government gender violence programmes. The extent to which countries have policies on rape prevention is unknown. Moreover, evidence on what works in the area of prevention and sexual violence is limited, particularly in developing countries.
Topic:
Political Violence, Gender Issues, Health, Human Rights, and Poverty
Political Geography:
United Nations

28. Parenting and the prevention of child maltreatment in low- and middle-income countries

Author:
Wendy Knerr, Frances Gardner, and Lucie Cluver
Publication Date:
12-2011
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Child maltreatment is a global phenomenon. While definitions of child physical and psychological maltreatment may differ across cultures and countries, poor or harsh parenting is a critical risk factor for maltreatment worldwide, particularly in the early years. Most research on child maltreatment comes from high-income countries, but there have been increasing calls to address the issue in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, there is increasing interest in adapting evidence-based parenting interventions to low- and middle-income countries. This review investigates the effectiveness of parenting interventions for reducing harsh or abusive parenting, increasing positive parenting practices, attitudes and knowledge, and improving parent–child relationships in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, the discussion section considers the potential for adapting parenting interventions from high- to low-/middle-income countries; and the potential role of parenting interventions in addressing current and future violent behaviour among boys and men. A range of electronic databases were searched, including The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Global Health and ERIC, from inception to May 2010. Unpublished reports were sought through: searches of Google Scholar, websites of relevant organisations and theses and dissertation databases; hand-searching reference lists of relevant documents; and personal contacts with experts.
Topic:
Health and Human Rights

29. Preventing child abuse and interpersonal violence in low- and middle-income countries

Author:
Wendy Knerr, Frances Gardner, and Lucie Cluver
Publication Date:
12-2011
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
Estimates suggest that up to 40 million children under age 14 experience abuse or neglect each year around the world. In a study of 12,000 mothers in five developing countries, asmany as half reported hitting a child with an object, spanking, slapping, pinching, shaking or otherwise harshly physically disciplining. In South Africa, there is evidence that “violence against children is ubiquitous. Beatings take place daily or every week. Sticks, belts, or other weapons are used and injury is common.” These figures are likely to be gross underestimates of the reality.
Topic:
Health, Human Rights, Poverty, and Developing World
Political Geography:
South Africa

30. Mental Health Responses for Victims of Sexual Violence and Rape in Resource-Poor Settings

Author:
Thomas Callender and Liz Dartnall.
Publication Date:
12-2010
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The Sexual Violence Research Initiative
Abstract:
“Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited tohomeand work”. Sexual violence as defined by the World Report on Violence and Health (Jewkes, Sen , 2002)
Topic:
Gender Issues, Health, Human Rights, and Human Welfare