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11. The Fed moves to provide more transparency

Publication Date:
01-2012
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
The Federal Reserve has taken additional actions to make its monetary policy more transparent to markets. The latest moves include the release of FOMC members' expectatins for the federal funds rate at the end of each of the next few years and in the longer term. Another is an statement of strategy for meeting its dual mandates of price stability and full employment. Although the statement included an explicit target for inflation but not for unemployment, the equal weights given to each goal afford the Fed more discretion in setting monetary policy.
Topic:
Economics, Government, Global Recession, Monetary Policy, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States

12. Is the recovery sustainable in the US and Europe?

Publication Date:
02-2010
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
Following the worst recession since the 1930s, the US, UK and Eurozone economies have all now returned to positive growth. With the boost from policy stimulus and the inventory cycle peaking, however, this raises questions about the sustainability of the current rebound. The analysis presented here suggests that the recoveries in both the US and Europe will be relatively muted compared to recent historical experience. The US is likely to be the growth leader, reflecting the more dynamic nature of its economy and financial sector. A key uncertainty relates to how labour markets will perform during the recovery phase. To date, the rise in US unemployment been particularly severe when compared to the experience of Europe. In light of the sharp falls in European productivity, we expect employment gains in Europe to be more muted in the recovery phase than in the US. The performance of residential real estate markets also remains important. Home prices in the US are now close to fair value by most metrics, suggesting that the correction in prices is likely to be bottoming out. In Europe, only Spain and Ireland appear to be in the midst of substantial housing market corrections. Commercial real estate markets are also facing ongoing corrections in many countries. While conditions in the US and Eurozone may deteriorate further, commercial property values appear to be stabilising in the UK following earlier sharp declines. The ability of the banking sector to finance the economic recoveries in the US and Europe remains a key risk to the growth outlook. As the process of absorbing credit losses and rebuilding capital is likely to be protracted, the normalisation of lending standards is likely to take longer than following recent recessions. This is a particular concern for the Eurozone, where bank funding is more important for companies. Whether domestic demand in the US and Europe recovers will also depend on whether private sector deleveraging has further to run. The destruction of household net wealth in the US suggests that the personal savings rate has further to rise, whereas there no longer appears to be a pressing need for households in the UK and Eurozone to consolidate their balance sheets. In contrast, non-financial corporations in the US are in a stronger financial position than their European peers, having not increased debt levels as rapidly during the credit boom. Risks around public finances have received the most attention in recent weeks. In particular, the adjustments underway in Greece pose a risk of potential contagion from sovereign credit risk that could threaten growth on both sides of the Atlantic.
Topic:
Economics, Markets, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States, United Kingdom, and Europe

13. Credit Crunch Watch

Publication Date:
10-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
The financial stress indicator is a composite index of a number of indicators including risk spreads, mortgage spreads, equity volatility, commercial paper and commercial loans outstanding and the spread of LIBOR rates over T-bill rates (the “Ted” spread). The stress indicator fell again last week, driven by a further narrowing of corporate bond spreads and lower equity volatility. These shifts offset a rise in 30-year mortgage spreads. Stress levels are now at their lowest levels since February 2008, and while still well above their long-term average have also dropped below the levels seen in previous periods of distress such as in the early 1990s and in 2001- 2003.
Topic:
Economics, Markets, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States

14. Financial meltdown averted – but how deep and how widespread will the recession be?

Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
The credit crunch that began in July 2007 intensified dramatically in September 2008, with a series of bank failures prompting rescues and effective nationalisation of major financial institutions in the US, the UK and the Eurozone. Despite massive intervention, financial stress rose to new highs at the start of Q4 2008 as financial markets dried up, with treasury bond yields falling, interbank lending rates still high, emerging market spreads widening sharply and stock markets plunging further. Faced with financial sector meltdown, many governments have recapitalised banking sectors and guaranteed interbank loans and bank deposits to try to shore up confidence in the financial system. These moves have averted a meltdown, but the spotlight has moved onto the rapidly weakening real economy – both world growth and world trade are now expected to decline in 2009, making it the worst year since 1945.
Topic:
Economics, Markets, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States

15. Why are US home foreclosures so high?

Publication Date:
06-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
US mortgage foreclosures have risen to extraordinary heights in recent months, with the scale of the distress in the US mortgage market much greater than in the UK. Key factors behind this divergent performance include laxer underwriting standards in the US and the widespread existence of 'non-recourse' loans. The latter allow borrowers in negative equity to walk away from their mortgage debt and sap the incentive to remain current on 'underwater' loans. As a result, steep house price falls can generate a sharp rise in foreclosures even without high interest rates or unemployment. In the UK, by contrast, there are strong incentives for home owners to remain in their properties, even when in negative equity.As a result, the escalation from arrears to foreclosure in the UK is much more limited. This may head off very abrupt prices falls but could also mean a more drawn out process of adjustment in the housing market.
Topic:
Debt, Economics, Markets, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States

16. Slump in wealth to hinder global recovery prospects?

Publication Date:
05-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
Since the credit crunch began in Q3 2007, there has been a dramatic slump in the prices of many financial assets. Global equity prices have dropped some 40-50% from their peaks in the major economies and by as much as 70% in some emerging markets. Many classes of other private sector securities have also seen sharp falls in value. Corporate bond spreads have exploded as defaults have soared, as have mortgage-backed securities (MBS). Currently, many classes of MBSs are trading at less than 10% of their par value, and even AAA-rated tranches are trading at as little of 25% of par.
Topic:
Economics, Markets, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States

17. How far away is a global recovery?

Publication Date:
03-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
Steep drops in output have been recorded across the industrialised world and much of the emerging market world in recent months. Such has been the scale of these declines that there is now little doubt that the global economy is set for its worst year since the end of WWII, with world GDP forecast to fall almost 1½% (and more than 2% at 2000US$). Significant uncertainties nevertheless remain about the economic outlook, in particular about how deep and protracted the recession will prove to be and how rapid an eventual recovery can be expected. A key factor generating uncertainty is that the current recession has been sparked by and accompanied by a major financial crisis. Recessions of this sort are often more severe than 'standard' recessions, featuring deeper and more sustained drops in asset prices, and a weaker impact from policy interventions due to malfunctioning banking systems. Equity and house prices have continued to drop in the early part of 2009, and there looks to be a significant risk that this weakness will drag on for some time – the average duration of stock price declines in previous financial crises is more than three years and for house prices around six years. The financial sector also remains in a highly dysfunctional state. Although the credit tightening process is showing some signs of coming to an end, stress levels remain extremely elevated and risk appetite is low with banks stuck in 'balance sheet repair mode'. This process is unlikely to be complete for some time. Retrenchment has also become a priority for the corporate and household sectors. In the face of a plunge in final demand, firms have slashed investment and begun destocking. Worryingly, the destocking process could continue f or several quarters as the ratio of inventory to sales remains high. US households were net re payers of debt in the final quarter of 2008, and it seems unlikely that the appetite to take on more debt will recover quickly there or elsewhere in the face of steep increases in unemployment and large falls in household wealth. Taylor rule analysis suggests that the 'appropriate' short-term interest rate for the major economies has now turned negative, supporting the big shift to quantitative easing now under way. Eventually, this and other stimuli in the pipeline should produce a strong recovery. But the outlook for 2010 has weakened significantly in recent weeks and the risks remain skewed toward a more deflationary outcome than that envisaged by our baseline forecast.
Topic:
Economics, Markets, Foreign Direct Investment, and Financial Crisis
Political Geography:
United States

18. The Economic Impact of Tourism and the I Love New York Campaign

Publication Date:
11-2006
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxford Economics
Abstract:
Tourism directly gen e rates 4.5% of the state's employment base. With the inclusion of indirect and induced impacts, tourism is the catalyst for 707,266 jobs, or 6.7% of all non-farm employment.
Topic:
Economics
Political Geography:
United States and New York