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31. Straight as a Rule:Heteronormativity, Gendercide, and the Non-Combatant Male

Author:
Adam Jones
Publication Date:
11-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
This paper is an extension of the author's research into the vulnerability of non-combatant “battle-age” males in situations of war and genocide. It explores the role of heteronormativity – defined as “culturally hegemonic heterosexuality” – in shaping the victimization experiences of male noncombatants. An introductory section addresses definitional issues and frames the discussion in terms of the study of gendercide, or genderselective mass killing. The link between non-combatant status, imputed violations of heteronormativity, and gendercide is then explored. A separate section considers the phenomenon of sexual violence against males in wartime, and asks whether feminist theories of “genocidal rape” can usefully be deployed to assist understanding of this little-studied phenomenon. The conclusion cites some remaining conceptual and conventional obstacles to research on male non-combatants, and suggests avenues for further investigation.
Topic:
Gender Issues, Genocide, Human Welfare, and War

32. Los estudios de seguridad tras el fin de la Guerra Fría.

Author:
Farid Kahhat
Publication Date:
09-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to compare a neorealist perspective on security issues with new perspectives on the subject that have gained ground since the end of the Cold War. The neorealist perspective privileges the state as the object of reference of security policies, while guaranteeing its political survival is seen as their ultimate aim (which implies, at the very least, to preserve an institutional control over a given territory). In turn, the main threats to the survival of the state are essentially foreign military threats, represented by the regular armies of neighboring states. Therefore, military arsenals provide the most effective means to cope with those threats.
Topic:
Security, Foreign Policy, Cold War, and War

33. Materiales para la Docencia: El Marco Conceptual B á sico de la Disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales

Author:
Arturo Borja Tamayo
Publication Date:
04-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
This working paper provides a discussion of the basic conceptual framework of the discipline of international relations. It is designed to support the teaching of I.R. in Spanish, and is part of an introductory textbook the author is currently preparing. The first section deals with the concept of the international system, explaining the different meanings of anarchy and order in both international and domestic politics. Next, historical examples are used to explore the three levels of analysis: the individual and the decision-making process; the political units; and the systemic level. The last section deals with the various actors in international politics. Throughout the paper, some of the conceptual differences between the two dominant approaches of the discipline, realism and liberalism, are identified.
Topic:
International Relations, Development, Education, and Politics

34. Legal Integration in North America: Domestic and Multilateral Comparisons

Author:
Imtiaz Hussain
Publication Date:
03-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
With so much attention riveted upon economic integration today, another form of integration, having to do with the laws, constitutional provisions, and judicial arrangements countries abide by, has received considerably less attention. To partly redress that imbalance, a case study of legal integration in North America is undertaken. Building upon the specific dispute settlement arrangements of chapters 19 and 20 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, two comparative studies are pursued—the first between the legal practices, constitutional requirements, and judicial contexts in Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the other between NAFTA, GATT, and the World Trade Organization provisions. Two broad findings undergird legal integration in North America: The recognition of the need a) for at least three forms of reciprocal relationships: between economic and legal forms of integration; regional procedures and their domestic counterparts; and regional procedures and their multilateral counterparts; and b) to keep the state an active participant in supranational efforts by leaving a veto power over such developments or the exit option with the state, and thereby accomodating domestic interests and cross-national divergences as widely as possible.
Topic:
Economics, International Trade and Finance, and Politics
Political Geography:
North America

35. Banking Reform and Development in the Middle East and Africa

Author:
Catherine Boone and Henry Clement
Publication Date:
03-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
This study underscores the strategic role —both political and economic— of banking sector reform in the overall pursuit of economic development and democratization. It compares trajectories of banking sector reform in Middle Eastern and African countries that have remained on the margins of the new global economy. A close look shows that there governments' willingness to embrace reform has differed across contexts, as has the extent and pace of reform. Meanwhile, the effects of reform have also been very uneven. We model this variation in reform trajectories and its outcomes, propose a theoretical explanation for it, and use a set of case studies to illustrate the contrasts and causal dynamics that we have identified. Our main claim is that structural features of national political economies go far in defining actual trajectories of banking sector reform and liberalization. Structural features of national political economies that we define as key are the strength of indigenous private sector, and how it is linked to the state and foreign capital. We propose a typology of banking structure and reform trajectories and use case studies from the Middle East and Africa to illustrate variation in the politics of banking sector reform.
Topic:
Development and Political Economy
Political Geography:
Africa, United States, Middle East, Canada, North America, and Mexico

36. Mexico and the WTO: A Regional Player in Multilateral Trade Negotiations

Author:
Antonio Ortiz Mena
Publication Date:
03-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
This working paper assesses the impact of the Uruguay Round Agreements of multilateral trade negotiation (MTN) on Mexico and determines the priorities of business and government for an upcoming round of MTN. It draws on secondary sources as well as interviews with business organizations representing Mexico' most important export industries and import-competing sectors. It proceeds as follows: the first section gives an overview of trade polity reforms since 1982; section two covers Mexico's regional trade agreements with special emphasis on the North American Free Trade Agreement; the third section provides and outline of Mexico's current trade policies; the fourth section consists of an assessment of the costs and benefits of Mexico's current World Trade Organization commitments' the fifth sections sets out the views of government and business on a new round of MTN; and the sixth section concludes.
Topic:
Security, Economics, and International Trade and Finance
Political Geography:
North America and Mexico

37. The Institutional Structure of Financial and Monetary Integration the Americas

Author:
Antonio Ortiz Mena and Susan Minushkin
Publication Date:
03-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
Globalization, understood as "an open market place free of institutional or locational constraints" (Weiss) seems to have taken hold of the Americas - for better or worse. There are currently numerous preferential trade agreements (PTAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) in the region. Yet, how close is this image to reality? Do American countries have the institutional framework required to allow a relatively free flow of goods, services and capital within the region? This paper looks into the institutional structures required for financial and monetary integration, through an analysis of BITs, investment and trade in financial services provisions in PTAs, capital account regimes, exchange rate structures, and the possibilities for debt and equity financing within the Americas. It is an empirically-oriented paper that attempts to assess the degree of compatibility between the current institutional structure governing financial and monetary relations in the Americas, and the possibility of attaining relatively free flow of capital and integrated financial markets in the region.
Topic:
Economics, Globalization, and Politics
Political Geography:
America and North America

38. Bankers into Brokers: The Structural Transformation and Opening of Mexico's Financial Markets

Author:
Susan Minushkin
Publication Date:
03-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
Mexico's financial market opening demonstrates how this domestic logic interacts with international condition. The following case study of Mexican financial opening makes the following contentions. First, financial market opening in Mexico did not begin in the 1980s, as commonly believed. Rather the process has its roots in a conflict among sub-sectors of the financial services industry, between powerful oligarchic bankers (banqueros) and financial entrepreneurs based on the bolsa (bolseros). The conflict, dating from the 1960s, was a purely domestic affair and was not the result of increased international capital mobility and financial marked opening in OECD countries. Nevertheless, this conflict led to a structural change in the financial service industry congruent with changes in the international financial system from bank-based financing to increasing securities market-based financing.
Topic:
Economics, Emerging Markets, and International Trade and Finance
Political Geography:
North America and Mexico

39. Economic Conditions, Democracy and the IMF

Author:
Susan Minushkin
Publication Date:
03-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
This study seeks to test the hypotheses that different styles of financial market opening can be explained, in part, by general economic conditions and the need to attract external capital. It seeks, as well, to test the some for the more general arguments advanced in the financial market opening literature that financial market opening is a result of a country's increased participation in the international financial system and increased international trade integration. Two specifically political arguments also are tested. The first is that emerging markets opened their markets in response to pressure from the IMF. The second is that there is an association between political freedom and open markets. I test these hypotheses using regression analyses of panel data from a sample of emerging market countries.
Topic:
Economics, Emerging Markets, and International Trade and Finance
Political Geography:
Europe and North America

40. Policy Reform in the Mexican Telecommunications Sector

Author:
Miguel Ángel Valverde
Publication Date:
02-2003
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas
Abstract:
In June 1990, Presidents George Bush and Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari announced their intention to begin negotiating a free trade agreement. Canada joined the negotiations the following August. The proposed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) provoked an intense lobbying campaign in the U.S. Congress, in what became a major political battle for its congressional approval.
Topic:
Economics, Government, and International Trade and Finance
Political Geography:
Africa, Canada, Central America, and Mexico