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32. Monitoring Uranium Mining and Milling in India and Pakistan through Remote Sensing Imagery
- Author:
- Melissa Hanham, Grace Liu, Joseph Rodgers, and Ben McIntosh
- Publication Date:
- 11-2018
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
- Abstract:
- CNS Occasional Paper #41 details existing and potential uranium mines and mills in India and Pakistan as part of an ongoing project to track uranium production in Asian states that possess nuclear weapons. As non-signatories to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, India and Pakistan face challenges procuring fissile material from foreign sources. Both countries have ongoing nuclear-weapon programs, clear and increasing demands to supply their nuclear-energy programs, and domestic production deficits. The continuing and increasing demand for uranium in India and Pakistan indicates that domestic uranium production is likely to grow significantly in the near future. This paper explores remote-sensing techniques that can allow open-source analysts to monitor and track front-end uranium production activity in these countries. India and Pakistan both have plans to expand their nuclear-energy industries, increasing both countries’ demands for uranium. However, without membership in the NPT, both countries face a multitude of challenges to importing uranium. They are not entitled to receive nuclear-related technologies from nuclear-weapon states, nor are they allowed to trade nuclear materials with any NPT states parties. This leaves only non-signatory countries as possible trading partners: Israel, North Korea, and South Sudan. Pakistan has a history of trade with North Korea through the now-defunct A.Q. Khan network. Both India and Pakistan are expanding existing uranium mines and mills and funding exploratory research into new sites for uranium-resource exploitation. Both countries still rely heavily on domestic production of uranium resources, which allows analysts to gain significant insight into their nuclear capabilities by monitoring domestic uranium-production sites. The operational output of a mine or processing plant can be gauged by weighing numerous factors, including the amounts of vehicle traffic, construction on the site, tailings and waste piles, and changes in the surrounding environment.
- Topic:
- Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear Power, Surveillance, Mining, and Uranium
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan, India, and Asia
33. “The Best Possible Sanction:” Kim Jong-un and the Quest for Credible Nuclear Deterrence
- Author:
- Gary J. Sampson
- Publication Date:
- 10-2017
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- International Journal of Korean Studies
- Institution:
- International Council on Korean Studies
- Abstract:
- In 2017, North Korea under Kim Jong-un has made significant strides toward the capabilities needed for a credible nuclear deterrent. This article analyzes the most recent achievements of the North Korean nuclear weapons program, including its September 2017 nuclear test and its three long-range missile tests in the latter half of 2017. Observers should not discount Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons and long-range missiles. However, other capabilities such as intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance and targeting require further development to achieve the full range of capabilities associated with a credible nuclear deterrent. Because of the high costs associated with the development of robust strategic intelligence and targeting capabilities, Pyongyang may be willing to settle for lower levels of capability in these areas, which may still be sufficient to guide nuclear attacks. As a result, policymakers must move to a bargaining strategy that acknowledges the reality of North Korea’s nuclear capability, marking a significant policy shift among regional allies. Pyongyang’s long-held desire to drive a wedge between the U.S. and its regional allies may be coming to fruition. Kim Jong-un has shrewdly played his hand from a position of weakness and succeeded where many others failed—a high-risk path upon which he still walks. China’s minimum credible nuclear deterrent may be a model for Kim Jong-un’s development of North Korean nuclear capability.
- Topic:
- Intelligence, Nuclear Weapons, Surveillance, and Deterrence
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, South Korea, North Korea, and United States of America
34. Guide to Section 702 Reform
- Author:
- Gary Ashcroft and Roger Huddle
- Publication Date:
- 07-2017
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Third Way
- Abstract:
- Before the end of the year, Congress must revisit the FISA Amendments Act (FAA), a law which, together with its provision known as Section 702, is one of the U.S.'s most valuable and controversial tools to combat threats to the nation. Lawmakers are considering a number of reform proposals as they decide how to reauthorize the law. While we believe it is an important tool, it has some serious flaws when it comes to Americans’ privacy. We would ask members of Congress to ensure that any reform address two problem areas in Section 702: (1) domestic law enforcement access to foreign intelligence records and (2) the international distrust of U.S. tech companies that comply with Section 702. This paper is a primer on Section 702 and reforms for that law. Part I explains how government surveillance works generally. Part II explains Section 702 specifically. Part III details reasons to reform the law to address civil liberties and economic concerns. And Part IV examines potential reforms that have been under discussion.
- Topic:
- Security, Privacy, Surveillance, and Civil Liberties
- Political Geography:
- United States and North America
35. Runs, Hikes, & Cops in Bohemia
- Author:
- Peter Bridges
- Publication Date:
- 01-2017
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- American Diplomacy
- Institution:
- American Diplomacy
- Abstract:
- After five good years in our Rome embassy, my family and I were transferred in late 1971 to the American embassy in Prague. This was three years after the Soviet army had crushed Alexander Dubček’s “socialism with a human face.” It had not crushed the Czechs and Slovaks. We made a number of friends; we had never known a people with such a liking for Americans; but the StB, the Státní bezpečnost or state security police, were an oppressive presence. People understandably had their heads under their wings. It was only later, in 1976, that future President Václav Havel and others organized the Charter 77 dissident movement.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, Sports, Surveillance, and Memoir
- Political Geography:
- Soviet Union, Czech Republic, and United States of America
36. Reminiscences of life under communism: Soviet Show trials
- Author:
- Norma Brown
- Publication Date:
- 01-2017
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- American Diplomacy
- Institution:
- American Diplomacy
- Abstract:
- It was early-1980s Leningrad, as St. Petersburg was known under communism, practically on the doorstep of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but so deep in the slough of communism that nobody would have considered it possible that a monumental change was in the offing. Bustling Moscow, where my then-future husband was serving at the same time, had a reasonable KGB to foreigner ratio. In the backwater of the one-time capital of the Russian Empire, the ratio was out of sight, more than 10-1. Still, it didn’t matter if you had five KGB thugs in black leather jackets dogging your footsteps or fifty. They always got what they wanted in the Soviet Union.
- Topic:
- Communism, Diplomacy, Courts, Surveillance, and Memoir
- Political Geography:
- Russia and Soviet Union
37. Breaking Issue – iPhone vs. the FBI: Government Surveillance in the Post-Snowden Era
- Author:
- Amy Gaudion, John MacCormick, and Tony Williams
- Publication Date:
- 04-2016
- Content Type:
- Video
- Institution:
- Clarke Forum for Contemporary Issues
- Abstract:
- Should Apple help the FBI unlock the iPhone used by the shooter in the recent San Bernardino attack? These panelists address this question and the significant security, legal, and technological issues it raises, particularly those connected to privacy and security.
- Topic:
- Security, Government, Science and Technology, Law Enforcement, Privacy, and Surveillance
- Political Geography:
- North America and United States of America
38. Enduring Uncertainty
- Author:
- Ines Hasselberg
- Publication Date:
- 03-2016
- Content Type:
- Book
- Institution:
- Berghahn Books
- Abstract:
- Focusing on the lived experience of immigration policy and processes, this volume provides fascinating insights into the deportation process as it is felt and understood by those subjected to it. The author presents a rich and innovative ethnography of deportation and deportability experienced by migrants convicted of criminal offenses in England and Wales. The unique perspectives developed here – on due process in immigration appeals, migrant surveillance and control, social relations and sense of self, and compliance and resistance – are important for broader understandings of border control policy and human rights.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, Migration, Immigration, Border Control, Surveillance, Police, and Resistance
- Political Geography:
- United Kingdom, Europe, England, and Wales
39. Restoring Trust between U.S. Companies and Their Government on Surveillance Issues
- Author:
- Mieke Eoyang and Chrissy Bishai
- Publication Date:
- 03-2015
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Third Way
- Abstract:
- Allegations of intrusive U.S. government electronic surveillance activities have raised international outcry and created antagonism between U.S. technology companies and the government. Without a bold and enduring reform, American companies will continue to suffer a competitive disadvantage from perceptions of U.S. government intrusion into their data. We propose bringing electronic surveillance collection from U.S. companies into an existing statutory framework in order to reassure international customers and to respect the rights of U.S. companies operating abroad.
- Topic:
- Science and Technology, Surveillance, Big Tech, and Civil Liberties
- Political Geography:
- United States and North America
40. La Protection des Données Personnelles dans le Cadre du Secteur de la Sécurité au Maroc (The Protection of Personal Data in Relation to the Security Sector in Morocco)
- Author:
- Cécile Guy, Alizée Henry, and Habib Belkouch
- Publication Date:
- 10-2015
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance (DCAF)
- Abstract:
- This report summarizes the discussions at the seminar on the protection of personal data in relation to the security sector in Morocco, held in Rabat on 19 and 20 October 2015. It aims to assess the situation of the protection of personal data in relation to the security sector in Morocco on the one hand, and to sensitize stakeholders to the importance of protecting citizens' privacy as an issue of major security governance in connected companies on the other hand.
- Topic:
- Security, Science and Technology, Governance, Privacy, and Surveillance
- Political Geography:
- Geneva, Europe, North Africa, and Morocco