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232. Macedonia and Southeastern Europe: Analysing Treats and Risks
- Author:
- Jack Petri
- Publication Date:
- 06-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance (DCAF)
- Abstract:
- It is clear to those who have spent time analysing and defining threats how important it is to do this well. It is not always as clear how to identify some of the more subtle internal non-traditional threats. For defence and military planners, it should be apparent that the work they do in developing an accurate threat analysis is an essential part of the equation used by political leaders to evaluate the form and substance of a nation's armed forces, to determine what resources are necessary to create and sustain defence and military establishments that are capable of successfully dealing with these threats, should it become necessary to do so.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Defense Policy, and National Security
- Political Geography:
- Europe
233. Democratic and Parliamentary Oversight of the Intelligence Services: Best Practices and Procedures
- Author:
- Hans Born
- Publication Date:
- 05-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance (DCAF)
- Abstract:
- Intelligence services are an instrument in the hands of the state institutions, which can be used both for the better and the worse. If the intelligence services are in the hands of responsible democratic leaders, then intelligence contributes to the democracy's ability to function well. This is can be learnt from the history of the 20th Century: intelligence played a crucial role in helping to defeat Hitler, it played a significant role in preventing the Cold War from turning into a nuclear war and intelligence kept the super power arms race from getting totally out of hand2. On the other hand, if intelligence services are in the hands of those who are interested in conflict and coercion, intelligence can be used for the worse. Therefore, it is essential to secure democratic and parliamentary oversight of the intelligence services.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Government, National Security, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
234. Security Sector Reform: an Opportunity for the Euro-Atlantic Integration of Romania
- Author:
- Liviu Muresan
- Publication Date:
- 04-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance (DCAF)
- Abstract:
- From the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Romania had one of the most complex heritages of security structure becoming famous under the name of SECURITATE.
- Topic:
- Democratization, National Security, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
235. A Year of Loss: Reexamining Civil Liberties since September 11
- Publication Date:
- 08-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Human Rights First
- Abstract:
- On the morning of September 11, men now believed to be members of the al Qaeda network forcibly took control of four commercial jetliners to attack the United States. Within minutes, 19 hijackers crashed two of those planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a field in Pennsylvania, killing more than 3,000 people.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, International Law, and National Security
- Political Geography:
- United States and Pennsylvania
236. After 9/11: Preventing Mass-Destruction Terrorism and Weapons Proliferation
- Author:
- Michael Barletta (ed.)
- Publication Date:
- 06-2002
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
- Abstract:
- The attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, is a watershed date in the history of the United States after the Cold War. Since 1989, policymakers, analysts, and historians have been unable to name the period of history the United States entered after 1989. The best that they could muster was “the post-Cold War period.” That short-lived era in U.S. history is now over. What we will name this period and how we will characterize it are not yet clear. But it will be a very different period for the United States and its role in the world.
- Topic:
- Cold War, National Security, Terrorism, and Counterinsurgency
- Political Geography:
- United States
237. U.S. Preparations for Biological Terrorism: Legal Limitations and the Need for Planning
- Author:
- Juliette N. Kayyem
- Publication Date:
- 03-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University
- Abstract:
- The threat of terrorism has focused the attention of the United States on domestic preparedness. Although the likelihood of a domestic terrorist attack may be relatively low, the country is nonetheless preparing first responders, local, state and federal officials, and the public on what to do and what to expect should one occur. Lawyers have only recently begun to consider the issue of domestic preparedness. Any steps to improve preparedness must, of course, involve an assessment by the proper legal authorities to determine their lawfulness and legitimacy.
- Topic:
- Environment, National Security, and Terrorism
- Political Geography:
- United States
238. The Global War on Terrorism
- Publication Date:
- 12-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Abstract:
- On September 11, terrorists attacked freedom. The world has responded with an unprecedented coalition against international terrorism. In the first 100 days of the war, President George W. Bush increased America's homeland security and built a worldwide coalition that: Began to destroy al-Qaeda's grip on Afghanistan by driving the Taliban from power. Disrupted al-Qaeda's global operations and terrorist financing networks. Destroyed al-Qaeda terrorist training camps. Helped the innocent people of Afghanistan recover from the Taliban's reign of terror. Helped Afghans put aside long-standing differences to form a new interim government that represents all Afghans – including women.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, National Security, Terrorism, and War
- Political Geography:
- United States
239. Privateering and National Defense: Naval Warfare for Private Profit
- Author:
- Larry J. Sechrest
- Publication Date:
- 09-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Independent Institute
- Abstract:
- Hans-Hermann Hoppe has argued that “the idea of collective security is a myth that provides no justification for the modern state” and “all security is and must be private” (1999, 27). Furthermore, Hoppe makes it abundantly clear that when referring to security he means protection against not only the small-scale depredations of the common criminal but also the massive aggressions perpetrated by nation-states. The claim that all legitimate defense functions can and must be privately supplied flies in the face of certain economic doctrines that are almost universally accepted. Almost all economists declare that there are some goods or services which will be provided in suboptimal quantities--or not provided at all--by private, profit-seeking firms. These “public goods” allegedly bring benefits to all in the society, whether or not any given individual bears his or her fair share of their cost. This “free riding” by some persons diminishes the profit incentive motivating private suppliers. Therefore, to make sure that such highly-valued goods are provided, the government serves as the principal, or often the only, supplier and taxes all the citizens in order to finance the production and distribution of the good.
- Topic:
- Government, Industrial Policy, and National Security
240. The Europeanisation of Norway's Security Identity
- Author:
- Pernille Rieker
- Publication Date:
- 12-2001
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Abstract:
- In this working paper Pernille Rieker looks into the relationship between the European integration process and changes in Norway's national security identity. Has the dominant national discourse on security changed since the early 1990s? If so, how are these changes related to the recent acceleration of the European integration process? And to what extent are such European influences on national security identities related to formal membership in the EU? While there is reason to believe that a Europeanisation of national security policies has taken place, the question is whether we may speak of a pro-found change in identity, or merely an instrumental adaptation to external changes. Several researchers have studied the influence of this participation on national institutions and policies; less attention, however, has been given to the Europeanisation of Norway's security identity. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap.
- Topic:
- National Security and Nationalism
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Norway