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132. Fairness 2.0: Media Content Regulation in the 21st Century
- Author:
- Robert Corn-Revere
- Publication Date:
- 11-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Cato Institute
- Abstract:
- Civil libertarians feared that a change of administrations would herald a revived Fairness Doctrine, a policy that previously permitted the government to oversee broadcast news coverage for "balanced views." A return to the Fairness Doctrine, however, now seems unlikely. It is very likely, however, that politicians from both the left and the right will try to extend government control over the media beyond current policies. New rules adopted or proposed by the Federal Communications Commission suggest that the agency may be poised to enforce the most intensive government oversight of broadcast programming in decades—perhaps even in the history of the agency. The FCC voted last year to require each broadcast licensee to file quarterly "enhanced disclosure" reports—highly detailed information regarding its programming and editorial choices. This information will be used by organized groups to file complaints to pressure broadcasters to air programming that the complainants prefer. The FCC is also formulating programming guidelines based on the enhanced disclosure reports purporting to ensure that broadcasters meet local needs. This "broadcast localism" effort may also require broadcasters to appoint local boards to oversee their performance and their editorial decisions. As the FCC seeks to expand regulation of broadcast media, the traditional justification for its authority—spectrum scarcity—has lost credibility, and the agency's new efforts are likely to run afoul of the First Amendment.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Mass Media, and Culture
- Political Geography:
- United States
133. Under Attack: Practicing Journalism in a Dangerous World
- Author:
- Bill Ristow
- Publication Date:
- 12-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Scores of journalists are killed every year around the world, many of them murdered for doing their jobs, and hundreds or even thousands of others face physical threats ranging from criminal beatings to kidnapping. Indeed, 30 journalists in the Philippines were killed in a single incident in late November of 2009, the worst such tragedy ever recorded.
- Topic:
- Political Violence, Crime, and Mass Media
134. Bringing the Mass Media in: The Contribution of the Mass Media for Understanding Citizens' Attitudes towards the European Union
- Author:
- Silke Adam
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- The Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG)
- Abstract:
- Economic considerations, identity related considerations and cueing theory are used for explaining citizens' attitudes towards the European Union. Yet, all of this research has failed to show how elite cues on interests and identities actually reach the citizens. As a consequence, the author argues that domestic mass media as the most widely used source for citizens' information about the European Union has the potential to fill this missing link. Mass media actively construct reality by promoting ideas (agenda-setting and framing) and thereby shaping processes of socialization and persuasion. In this article the author discusses theoretical concepts of how mass media might affect citizens' attitudes, summarizes what we know about the role of domestic mass media in the course of EU integration, derives research desiderates and finally shows why knowledge on the link between mass media and citizens is paramount to understand the future of EU integration.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Economics, Regional Cooperation, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- Europe
135. Empowering Independent Media: U.S. Efforts to Foster Free and Independent News Around the World
- Author:
- Marguerite H. Sullivan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2008
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- In the last two decades, independent media assistance has become a significant aspect of the development field, helping countries to make democratic transitions, spur economic growth, conduct public health campaigns, and improve government accountability. Efforts to spread a free press have resulted in the professional development of tens of thousands of journalists and the founding of hundreds of new media enterprises.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, International Cooperation, International Affairs, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- United States
136. The Role of Media-support Organizations and Public Literacy in Strengthening Independent Media Worldwide
- Author:
- Ann Olson
- Publication Date:
- 02-2008
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Building independent media in developing countries requires more than freedom of speech, skilled journalists, or strong business management skills. Enabling independent media to perform the crucial roles of being a watchdog over government and educating people about the issues that affect their lives also requires supporting organizations such as trade unions and professional associations for journalists, and a public educated about these roles and responsibilities of media and their function in a democratic and open society.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Democratization, Development, Third World, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- United States
137. Corporate Social Responsibility: Is everything what counts countable?
- Publication Date:
- 05-2008
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Media Tenor International
- Abstract:
- In the past few years, the principle of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been raising great interest in business and politics. Companies increasingly commit to environmental and social measures on a voluntary basis. The discussion around CSR is not new. Yet the debate of whether or not CSR activities are working, and how efficiently they can be measured, is relatively recent. So far not much progress has been made. The instrument of media analysis could be a starting point – and the MEDIA TENOR CSR Index a measuring stick.
- Topic:
- Economics, Environment, Industrial Policy, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- Germany
138. Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support
- Author:
- David E. Kaplan
- Publication Date:
- 12-2007
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Fueled by globalization, international aid, and the efforts of journalism groups, the worldwide practice of investigative reporting has grown dramatically since the fall of communism began in 1989. The field's emphasis on public accountability and targeting of crime and corruption has attracted millions of dollars in media development funding from international donors, who see it as an important force in promoting rule of law and democratization. Support of investigative journalism, however, has been identified as a major gap in international media assistance, marked by funding that is largely uncoordinated and episodic and that makes up but a small fraction of that spent on overall media development. Veteran trainers and organizers broadly agree that sustained programs, support of nonprofit investigative journalism centers, and adherence to high standards can produce impressive results both in fostering public accountability and in building a professional news media.
- Topic:
- Corruption, Globalization, International Political Economy, and Mass Media
139. University Journalism Education: A Global Challenge
- Author:
- Ellen Hume
- Publication Date:
- 08-2007
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) at the National Endowment for Democracy aims to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of media assistance programs by providing information, building networks, conducting research, and highlighting the indispensable role that independent media play in the creation and development of sustainable democracies around the world. As part of its research initiatives, CIMA commissioned a study on the current state of journalism education worldwide to achieve a better understanding of how and where international media assistance can be directed to address the current challenges of university-based training.
- Topic:
- Education, International Cooperation, Political Economy, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- Washington
140. Independent Media's Vital Role in Development
- Author:
- Peter Graves
- Publication Date:
- 12-2007
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Independent media play a critical role in building and sustaining democracies, societies, and economies around the world. They provide citizens with the information necessary to make informed political and economic choices. Independent media give voice to women, youth, and minorities, along with dissident political opinions. They also improve communities by providing citizens with important information on health, the environment, and rural development, and help people prevent and respond to disasters.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Globalization, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- Latin America