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302. The Real Budget Battle: Une crise peut en cacher une autre
- Author:
- Richard E. Baldwin
- Publication Date:
- 06-2005
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Centre for European Policy Studies
- Abstract:
- The failure to reach a budget deal at the June summit may prove a blessing in disguise. The spectacular failure of the European Council to agree the last-minute compromise on the 2007-2013 Financial Perspective generated massively negative media coverage. In the short run, it will create huge difficulties for the EU, but things might have been even worse had they agreed.
- Topic:
- Economics, International Organization, and Treaties and Agreements
- Political Geography:
- Europe
303. What Could be Saved from the European Constitution if Ratification Fails? The Problems with a 'Plan B'
- Author:
- Sebastian Kurpas
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Centre for European Policy Studies
- Abstract:
- The pressure is on for the defenders of the European Constitution. Although initially it seemed as if referenda would only be problematic in countries that have a reputation for a certain degree of Euroscepticism, now even France and the Netherlands look like unsafe candidates for public approval. While there is still a fair chance that a majority of the French will vote 'yes' when actually at the ballot box, there is an understandable nervousness among prointegrationists. A French 'no' would be the most serious obstacle that any one member state among those holding a referendum could create. In the likely case that other member states besides France then reject the text – possibly for entirely different or even opposing reasons – it would become extremely difficult to 'save' the Constitution in its entirety.
- Topic:
- Government, International Organization, and Regional Cooperation
- Political Geography:
- Europe
304. Recoupement des droits de l\'Homme et du droit international humanitaire dans les situations de crises et de conflits
- Author:
- Jonathan Benthall
- Publication Date:
- 12-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Les mécanismes de la mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire sont beaucoup moins développés que ceux du droit de l\'Homme. Néanmoins, il existe un certain chevauchement entre ces deux corps du droit. L\'article décrit ce chevauchement et analyse les conséquences du point de vue légal concernant leur mise en oeuvre. L\'application cumulative des droits de l\'Homme et du droit international humanitaire pose inévitablement la question de la relation qu\'ils entretiennent. La Cour internationale de justice a répondu à cette question en reconnaissant la primauté du droit international humanitaire vis-à-vis des droits de l\'Homme dans les conflits armés, caractérisant ainsi le premier comme lex specialis. L\'examination de décisions d\'institutions des droits de l\'Homme, comme la Commission et la Cour inter-américaine des droits de l\'Homme et de la Cour européenne des droits de l\'Homme montre une tendance à privilégier le droit international humanitaire. Bien que la pratique de ces institutions des droits de l\'Homme soit limitée, elle ouvre des possibilités supplémentaires aux moyens internationaux limités pour faire respecter le droit international humanitaire par les parties aux conflits armés. Ceci démontre la convergence pratique et utile entre les droits de l\'Homme et le droit international humanitaire.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, International Law, and International Organization
305. State Building under Foreign Supervision: Intervention in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1996-2003
- Author:
- Senada Šelo Šabić
- Publication Date:
- 05-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Austrian National Defence Academy
- Abstract:
- This introductory chapter frames the ideas that have preoccupied me in relation to the nature of post-war re conciliation among the parties to the Bosnian conflict and the role of external actors in facilitating this reconciliation. This thesis is the result of my profound interest in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the doubts raised with regards to its fate: whether or not this newborn is a stillborn? My interest in the case in hand led me to explore several fascinating topics, most of which triggered new ideas and an ambition to research them more fully.
- Topic:
- Development, International Cooperation, International Organization, International Political Economy, and Political Economy
- Political Geography:
- Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Balkans
306. From Revolution to Reform - Georgia's Struggle with Democratic Institution Building and Security Sector Reform
- Author:
- Eden Cole and Philipp H. Fluri
- Publication Date:
- 07-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Austrian National Defence Academy
- Abstract:
- The theme of this book is 'Georgian Security Sector Governance after the 'Rose Revolution''. After the downfall of Shevardnadze's authoritarian regime, apostrophied by many Western observers as 'mild', and therefore worthy of support, there have been definite changes in how security is perceived. 'Good governance' means introducing fundamental political changes according to the principles and practices of democracy. Although the countries that we recognize as democratic do not have completely identical political mechanisms, methods and procedures for governance, it is not difficult to determine whether a political system is democratic or not. For Georgia, as for all transition countries, the first important matter on the reform agenda was setting up the structure of governance, that is, writing constitutions and laws, erecting political institutions, and making them work. External experts who assess how well security sector governance functions in those countries designated as 'new democracies' sometimes neglect to take into account the fact that they indeed are new; that they have not had the many years, even many centuries, that the Western countries have had to develop the ways and means, the habits and customs, of their Executives and Legislatures.
- Topic:
- Security, Democratization, International Organization, Non-Governmental Organization, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Balkans and Georgia
307. After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies - From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership
- Author:
- Anja H. Ebnöther and Philipp H. Fluri
- Publication Date:
- 08-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Austrian National Defence Academy
- Abstract:
- The transition from interventionist (military) peace-keeping to local (civilian) ownership of public security management has proved not only to be a severe challenge for most peace-keeping operations and their civilian administrators, but also a reason for such operations being prolonged at tremendous cost. In many cases, peace-keeping operations and/or other international agents rapidly became part of the local economy, and thus contributed to the preservation of the status quo rather than to a sustainable process leading toward local governance; meanwhile local police organs - often remnants of the winning force in the antecedent conflict - remained tribal or clannish in their approaches and interests. They could thus hardly be seen as enforcement agencies of a law which remains equally applied to all citizens.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, Conflict Prevention, Security, Development, International Organization, and War
- Political Geography:
- Iraq, Middle East, and Balkans
308. Implementation and European integration: A review essay
- Author:
- Ulf Sverdrup
- Publication Date:
- 10-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- European Research Papers Archive
- Abstract:
- This article presents some key research questions and discusses some advancements and controversies in the field of implementation studies in the European Union. In addition to calling for the further development of reliable quantitative indicators, the article suggests three issues worth considering. First, research could benefit from paying increased attention to the processes shaping the goals and aspirations in European implementation. Second, we should increase attention to the interplay between different explanatory mechanisms and in particular to the crucial roles of ambiguities and domestic capabilities. Finally, we should increase our interest into the study of outcomes and goal achievements, and thereby also offer critical and refreshing views on the dynamics of the actual European integration, as well as link this branch of research to the general research on legitimacy and democracy in Europe.
- Topic:
- Development and International Organization
- Political Geography:
- Europe
309. The political organization of Europe: Differentiation and unification
- Author:
- Johan P. Olsen
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- European Research Papers Archive
- Abstract:
- Students of political development try to understand how territorial systems of government arise and disintegrate. They ask how political order and unity is fostered, maintained and lost and under what conditions political community, stable boundaries and legitimate institutions are possible among component units (individuals, groups, organizations, states) that are different in many respects.
- Topic:
- Development, International Organization, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe
310. Norway's Fredskorpset Youth Program: Study of Selected Exchange Projects
- Author:
- Axel Borchgrevink and Torild Skard
- Publication Date:
- 01-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Norwegian Institute of International Affairs
- Abstract:
- The Fredskorpset Youth program is a North-South exchange program facilitating the exchange of young people between partner organizations or institutions of Norway and countries of the South. The present study was commissioned in order to assess the degree to which stated goals of the exchanges were realized. Four exchanges were selected to be studied: between a Norwegian and Kenyan student organization (AIESEC); between a Norwegian missionary organization (NMS) and its counterpart church in Madagascar (FLM); between local Red Cross organizations in Norway and Uganda; and between a Norwegian (VUC) and two Malawian teacher training institutions (CC, LTTC). Objectives of the programs included acquiring new knowledge, attitudes and commitment at the level of individual participants, organizational strengthening and development of international contacts at the institutional level, and dissemination of information. As goals were mostly quite loosely formulated, it was difficult to assess the degree to which they were realized with any precision. Findings varied between the exchanges, but in general individual objectives were reached to some extent, while results might have been even stronger with more systematic attention to them. Institutional goals were achieved in most of the cases. In terms of information dissemination, this could be strengthened in most of the exchange programs.
- Topic:
- Development, Human Welfare, and International Organization
- Political Geography:
- Uganda, Kenya, Europe, Norway, and Madagascar