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502. Sustainable Solutions to Water Supply in Kenya
- Author:
- Ian Goodrich and Simeon Ogamba
- Publication Date:
- 06-2017
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Oxfam Publishing
- Abstract:
- The Kenya Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Resilience and Governance Programme is built upon a theory of change which emphasizes empowerment, rights and the ability of citizens – particularly women – to develop and implement their own strategies for better access to services to improve health and quality of life. The programme’s approach holds that the best-placed actors to deliver improved water and sanitation are the country’s government, civil society and private sector, who are held accountable by the citizens they serve in promoting the quality and sustainability of services. The programme addresses water and sanitation challenges in urban and rural settlements of Kenya, strengthening the capacity of county governments, water-user associations and water utility companies to provide safe, sustainable services; developing and piloting innovative solutions; and working with other civil society partners to call for policy changes that address the needs of the most vulnerable people. This document particularly focuses on the question of whether water ATMs are a sustainable solution to water supply.
- Topic:
- Water, Infrastructure, Innovation, and Sustainability
- Political Geography:
- Kenya and Africa
503. From Service Delivery to Sustainable Water Management in Tajikistan
- Author:
- Orkhan Ali, Gulchehra Boboeva, and Ian Goodrich
- Publication Date:
- 07-2017
- Content Type:
- Case Study
- Institution:
- Oxfam Publishing
- Abstract:
- Oxfam’s WASH programme in Tajikistan is based on a theory of change which has four pillars: improved governance of water and sanitation at national and local levels; building demand for and supply of sanitation at a household level, alongside improved hygiene practices; social accountability in water provision; and securing financing for water and sanitation through innovative funding models. This document focuses on how the programme moved from service delivery to sustainable water management.
- Topic:
- Water, Infrastructure, Governance, Innovation, and Sustainability
- Political Geography:
- Central Asia, Asia, and Tajikistan
504. Addressing Water Shortages: A Catalyst for more Resilient Development in Fiji
- Author:
- Tara R. Gingerich
- Publication Date:
- 08-2017
- Content Type:
- Research Paper
- Institution:
- Oxfam Publishing
- Abstract:
- his case study draws on fieldwork in two communities in Fiji that participated in the 2002-05 Capacity Building to Enable the Development of Adaptation Measures in Pacific Island Countries (CBDAMPIC) project, one of the first adaptation projects in the Pacific that attempted to work at this community scale to build resilience to the longer-term impacts of climate change. In both communities, the project served as a catalyst for more resilient development, improving both absorptive and adaptive capacity with respect to water shortages. It provided an example of how addressing a locally defined problem can energize a community to take action to improve resilience. A key factor in these communities’ resilience is their existing social capital. The project also points to the significance of building on previous and ongoing processes and initiatives.
- Topic:
- Development, Water, Infrastructure, Sustainability, and Resilience
- Political Geography:
- Fiji and Oceania
505. Mapping and Monitoring WASH Facilities: Integrating Mobile Data Collection and GIS Tools for Better Monitoring in Tanzania
- Author:
- Hillman Agung
- Publication Date:
- 09-2017
- Content Type:
- Case Study
- Institution:
- Oxfam Publishing
- Abstract:
- Oxfam has been piloting the combined use of mobile data collection and geographic information systems (GIS) tools to better monitor water, sanitation and hygiene facilities as part of its work to support Burundian refugees in Tanzania. This case study describes how, as well as building capacity among staff, the pilot enabled the generation of timely and accurate data to support programme activities.
- Topic:
- Infrastructure, Data, Maping, and Mobile Network
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Tanzania
506. Improving Coordination through Mapping: Using GIS to Map Community Boreholes in South Sudan
- Author:
- Paul Evans
- Publication Date:
- 09-2017
- Content Type:
- Case Study
- Institution:
- Oxfam Publishing
- Abstract:
- In South Sudan, Oxfam has introduced the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to map water and sanitation facilities across conflict-hit Wau. This case study explains how this has enabled Oxfam and partners to better monitor and coordinate activities – and has the potential to maximize opportunities to develop sustainable water sources.
- Topic:
- Science and Technology, Water, Infrastructure, Sanitation, Geography, Maping, and Hygiene
- Political Geography:
- Africa and South Sudan
507. Turning Water into Wellbeing: How an Irrigation Scheme Changed Lives in a Zimbabwean Dryland
- Author:
- Solomon Mombeshora and Martin Walsh
- Publication Date:
- 10-2017
- Content Type:
- Research Paper
- Institution:
- Oxfam Publishing
- Abstract:
- Climate change is putting increasing stress on the livelihoods of people living in the world’s drylands. Smallholder irrigation has long been seen as a means of improving food security in areas with unpredictable rainfall, and is now being promoted as part of climate change adaptation strategies. The Ruti Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe was begun by Oxfam in 2009 with these objectives in mind. This report examines the findings of two evaluations of the project and shows that the irrigation scheme has had more significant social and economic impacts than those measured by a quantitative study alone. However, the positive impacts for wellbeing have not been as extensive as originally hoped – having been affected by extreme weather events and the decision to reserve scarce water for use by sugar estates further downstream. This suggests that while smallholder irrigation schemes can provide important local benefits, these are threatened not only by the usual difficulties associated with their implementation, but also by the greater challenges posed by climate change and the resource conflicts that are being exacerbated as a result. These are problems which require significant changes in policy and practice at catchment-wide, national, and international levels.
- Topic:
- Agriculture, Climate Change, Water, Famine, Infrastructure, and Food Security
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Zimbabwe
508. Infrastructure Financing In Nigeria
- Author:
- Chukwuka Onyekwena, Precious Chukwuemelie Akanonu, and Anointing Ogie Momoh
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (CSEA)
- Abstract:
- Similar to most sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, Nigeria has a huge infrastructure deficit which considerably limits efforts towards achieving inclusive growth, sustainable development, and poverty reduction. With infrastructure stock estimated at 20-25 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Nigerias infrastructure stock is still significantly lower than the recommended international benchmark of 70 per cent of GDP. The 2014 National Integrated Infrastructure Master Plan (NIMP) estimates that a total of US$ 3 trillion of investments, or US$100 billion annually, is required over the next 30 years to bridge Nigerias infrastructure gap. In particular, the Plan estimates that Nigeria will have to spend an annual average of US$ 33 billion infrastructure investments for the period 2014 -2018. This means that Nigeria will have to more than double its spending on infrastructure from the current 2-3 per cent of GDP to around 7 per cent to make appreciable progress in infrastructure development over the next three decades.
- Topic:
- Economics, Infrastructure, GDP, Finance, Economic Growth, Economic Development, and Financial Institutions
- Political Geography:
- Africa, Nigeria, and Sub-Saharan Africa
509. What keeps cities in Asia and Africa from effective public service delivery?
- Author:
- Madeline Roth and Ammar A. Malik
- Publication Date:
- 08-2016
- Content Type:
- Commentary and Analysis
- Institution:
- Urban Institute
- Abstract:
- Cities are widely regarded as engines of economic growth. Their ability to attract and retain talent and financial capital drives productivity and the well-being of societies. But cities across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, two of the world’s most populous and rapidly urbanizing regions, are unable to provide basic services to most of their residents. Countries with greater levels of urbanization have traditionally enjoyed greater prosperity, but the rise of poor megacities in recent years has cast doubts on this relationship. By 2040, over half the world’s poor earning less than $1 per day are expected to live in cities. To realize their full economic potential, cities must offer quality public amenities, modern urban infrastructure, and widely accessible basic public services such as water and sanitation. What factors prevent cities from better serving residents? And what can city governments do improve the status quo?
- Topic:
- Infrastructure, Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Public Service
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Asia
510. National Defense Policy and the protection of the Critical Energy Infrastructure in Brazil
- Author:
- Iure Palva
- Publication Date:
- 12-2016
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy International Relations
- Institution:
- Postgraduate Program in International Strategic Studies, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
- Abstract:
- The study developed in this paper aims to analyze how the protection of Brazil’s critical energy infrastructure is dealt with under the national defense policy in order to better understand how the military dimension of energy security is outlined in Brazil. With the intention of achieving this goal, it seeks, initially, to identify which are and where are located the main Brazilian critical energy infrastructure relating to the oil chain, petroleum products and natural gas. Next, it aims to examine the extent to which the protection of such structural complexes is provided for in the national defense policy, particularly in the main documents dealing with the subject in the country. Finally, it observes how is the planning of the Brazilian offensive and defensive military power in the prevention and response to threats against the infrastructure related to the above-mentioned sources.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Energy Policy, Military Strategy, and Infrastructure
- Political Geography:
- Brazil and South America