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1. Amenazas a la estabilidad en la Nigeria actual

Author:
Leandro Martínez Peñas
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
Nigeria is a country that develops a crucial role in African balance. This fact is due to its population, its oil and mining resources, and its importance for the regional sphere, especially on Sahel and the Gulf of Guinea. For this reason it must pay attention to the problems in which this State is involved, as secessionism and uprising, organized criminality, ecological damage, religious and ethnic tensions. Moreover it must be taken on account that democracy has been established in this region for a relatively short period of time. All these elements seriously threaten the stability of the most populated African nation.
Topic:
Ethnic Conflict
Political Geography:
Africa and Nigeria

2. Análisis cuantitativo del terrorismo internacional en Europa occidental (1968-2008)

Author:
Domingo Jiménez Martín
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
The purpose of the present quantitative study is to explain the international terrorism activities in Western Europe. The data set contains information on terrorismrelated events in West European countries (data has been collected for the period from 1968-2008) and includes information about tactical, political or geographical criteria. International terrorism has been an important part of the Contemporary European History, the trend is not going to disappear and we need foresight tools to know the threat.
Topic:
Terrorism
Political Geography:
Europe

3. ¿Es necesario tipificar el delito de financiación del terrorismo en el Código Penal español?

Author:
Isidoro Blanco Cordero
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
The contribution analyzes whether the terrorist financing offence as defined in international conventions is punishable under the Spanish criminal legislation. The analysis concludes that not all elements of the international offence are included in the Spanish legislation, and that a reform of the Spanish penal code is necessary. However, a 2008 draft reform approved by the Spanish government introduces this offence and consists of a literal copy of the international instruments. It seems appropriate to take into account the peculiarities of Spanish criminal law when adopting international standards.
Topic:
International Relations and Terrorism
Political Geography:
Spain

4. The terrorist threat is being materially and normatively shaped by national and global institutions of law and order: Spain beyond

Author:
Fernando Celaya
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
The present article will explore how the terrorist threat is being materially and normatively shaped by national and global institutions of law and order with an emphasis on Spain. In this process security managers are gaining immense powers with limited national or supranational supervision thereby creating a symbiosis that enables them to perpetuate their relevance within national, transnational and international security affairs. This article concludes that this occurrence which is blurring the lines between internal and external aspects of security creates a complex dilemma for civil liberties.
Topic:
Civil Society
Political Geography:
Spain

5. To what extent was Western intelligence at fault in failing to indentify the nature of the terrorist threat before 9/11 and its aftermath?

Author:
Fernando Celaya
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
In reflecting on the extensive literature and research on intelligence failures and particularly that which ensued in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the US, Indonesia and those in Europe, this analysis concludes that intelligence, and particularly Western intelligence, cannot be completely at fault for the failure to identify appropriately and forewarn about the occurrence of historical discontinuity events. Western policymakers, economic advisers, as well as socio-economic elites' performance throughout the 1980s and 1990s reveals flaws in long-term policy planning and decision-making with serious repercussions for strategic intelligence analysis. The inability to forecast historical discontinuity events is a key element of intelligence and policy which needs further revision.
Topic:
Islam and Terrorism
Political Geography:
United States and Europe

6. Una primera aproximación a la Decisión Marco 2008/919/JAI de 28 de noviembre de 2008, que modifica la Decisión Marco del Consejo 2002/475/JAI, de 13 de junio de 2002, sobre la lucha contra el terrorismo

Author:
Luis Aparicio Díaz
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
This paper analyzes the new amendment of the Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA on combating terrorism operated by the Council Framework Decision 2008/919/JHA of 28 November 2008. We study this change referred to the non amended Framework Decision, specially the public provocation to commit a terrorist offence, acts of recruitment for terrorism and acts of training for terrorism. We analyze too the new problems in the Spanish Criminal Law arisen from those changes. And finally we propose three new crimes to transpose this amendment into the Spanish Criminal Code.
Topic:
Terrorism
Political Geography:
Spain

7. Sobre el concepto de yihad

Author:
Cesáreo Gutiérrez Espada
Publication Date:
01-2009
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
Daniel Pipes, un historiador estadounidense, nos cuenta1 que, unos meses después del 11-S (2001), la Universidad de Harvard eligió a un estudiante del último curso, Zayed Yasin, para impartir una conferencia, que tituló “Mi yihad americana”, en la ceremonia de graduación. En ella, este estudiante dio al término yihad un sentido puramente religioso y espiritual: para él, quienes traducían esa palabra árabe por “guerra santa”, la guerra que todo buen musulmán debe llevar a cabo contra los infieles, tergiversaban la verdad. Yihad, afirmó, solo es, en la tradición musulmana, el esfuerzo por hacer siempre lo correcto, la determinación de obrar bien, de hacer justicia incluso contra los propios intereses.

8. Legal Responses to Jihadist Terrorism. The Germany's Example

Author:
Miguel Ángel Cano Paños
Publication Date:
01-2008
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
El terrorismo transnacional ha colocado a la lucha antiterrorista desarrollada a nivel nacional e internacional ante de una serie de problemas y retos realmente impensables en las décadas de 1970-1980. Un ejemplo paradigmático lo constituye sin duda Alemania, país que ha vivido en primera persona la transición de un terrorismo de carácter doméstico (RAF) a otro de carácter transnacional (yihadismo). En el presente trabajo se analizan tanto las medidas legislativas aprobadas en el país germano desde los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001, como las actuales iniciativas legislativas que el vigente Gobierno de coalición ha impulsado con el fin de hacer más efectiva si cabe la lucha contra esta amenaza global que supone el terrorismo de base yihadista.
Topic:
Terrorism
Political Geography:
Germany

9. Information Operations during Counterinsurgency Operations: Essential Option for a Limited Response

Author:
Raimundo Rodríguez Roca
Publication Date:
01-2008
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
The importance of Information in the XXI century has become a fact that nobody can deny. The relevant role of the Information in societies can be observed as well during the development of conflicts where western forces participate. That is one of the reasons why controlling information flow arises as a significant requirement. The purpose of this article is to present a theory of operational and tactical information operations (IO) employment, as limited and non-lethal effects during counterinsurgency operations (COIN), with an important role to support area control. Firstly, this study will mainly focus on four integrating elements of IO: psychological operations (PSYOPS), civil-military operations (CMO), public affairs (PA) and computer network operations (CNO). Secondly, a practical case of IO execution will be simulated and a concept of operation will be developed. It should be noted that the approach presented herein is from a Spanish Army perspective. As we will appreciate in this article, the knowledge and managing of IO and the employment of CNO as a tool to empower PSYOPS, CMO and PA activities is of extreme significance and it will become essential to understand and to face the scenes of future conflicts and new wars.
Topic:
Defense Policy
Political Geography:
Europe and Spain

10. Civil Contractors in Expeditionary Operations. Security and Controls Problem for the Military Command

Author:
Javier Ruiz Arévalo
Publication Date:
01-2008
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Athena Intelligence Journal
Institution:
Athena Intelligence
Abstract:
En los últimos conflictos en los que han participado nuestras fuerzas armadas, han sido apoyados por civiles contratados; su número ha ido en aumento y no parece que esta tendencia vaya a invertirse. La presencia de este personal trabajando en estrecha relación con la fuerza militar, plantea una serie de problemas, relativos a la seguridad, que no están totalmente resueltos, ni en el caso español, ni en el de ejércitos de nuestro entorno. El primero de ellos, hace referencia a la seguridad de este personal y a la responsabilidad que el mando militar debe asumir en este campo. En segundo lugar, tampoco está claro cómo el mando militar puede hacer frente a la potencial amenaza a su seguridad que supone la presencia de estas personas; amenaza que puede ser directa, en forma de acciones hostiles contra la fuerza militar o indirecta, ya que un deficiente cumplimiento de sus misiones puede afectar negativamente a las operaciones militares.
Topic:
Security and Military Affairs