Number of results to display per page
Search Results
32. The Long Road to African Tourism Recovery
- Author:
- Helmo Preuss
- Publication Date:
- 08-2021
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cairo Review of Global Affairs
- Institution:
- School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
- Abstract:
- The Covid-19 pandemic wreaked havoc on the tourism industry in 2020, but this year a slow vaccine rollout and new variants means it will take a while to recover to pre-pandemic levels.
- Topic:
- Science and Technology, Tourism, Public Health, Vaccine, Pandemic, COVID-19, and Economic Recovery
- Political Geography:
- Africa
33. Covid-19’s Not Through With Us Yet
- Author:
- Dahr Jamail
- Publication Date:
- 09-2021
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cairo Review of Global Affairs
- Institution:
- School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, American University in Cairo
- Abstract:
- As vaccines offer hope for a world after Covid, experts warn that in many ways, the fight is only beginning.
- Topic:
- Science and Technology, Vaccine, Pandemic, COVID-19, and Medicine
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
34. How COVID-19 vaccine supply chains emerged in the midst of a pandemic
- Author:
- Chad P. Bown
- Publication Date:
- 08-2021
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE)
- Abstract:
- Many months after COVID-19 vaccines were first authorized for public use, still limited supplies could only partially reduce the devastating loss of life and economic costs caused by the pandemic. Could additional vaccine doses have been manufactured more quickly some other way? Would alternative policy choices have made a difference? This paper provides a simple analytical framework through which to view the contours of the vaccine value chain. It then creates a new database that maps the COVID-19 vaccines of Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca/Oxford, Johnson & Johnson, Novavax, and CureVac to the product- and location-specific manufacturing supply chains that emerged in 2020 and 2021. It describes the choppy process through which dozens of other companies at nearly 100 geographically distributed facilities came together to scale up global manufacturing. The paper catalogues major pandemic policy initiatives—such as the United States' Operation Warp Speed—that are likely to have affected the timing and formation of those vaccine supply chains. Given the data, a final section identifies further questions for researchers and policymakers.
- Topic:
- Vaccine, COVID-19, Health Crisis, and Supply Chains
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus and United States of America
35. Vaccine Diplomacy: A Tool in the Rivalry for Influence in Latin America
- Author:
- Bartlomiej Znojek
- Publication Date:
- 09-2021
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- The Polish Institute of International Affairs
- Abstract:
- The uneven access to COVID-19 vaccines in Latin American countries has resulted in a widely varied pace of immunisation. The region has relied mainly on direct purchases from China and Russia, among others, the global COVAX initiative, and donations from the U.S. and other countries. Russia, China, and the U.S. in particular are using this “vaccine diplomacy” to boost their own political and economic influence in Latin America. The EU has been trying to position itself against that rivalry, for example, through significant funding for vaccine access and distribution initiatives. These efforts require, however, more efficient promotion of the Union’s engagement.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, Vaccine, COVID-19, and Rivalry
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, Latin America, and United States of America
36. mRNA vaccines: a lucky shot?
- Author:
- Reinhilde Veugelers
- Publication Date:
- 12-2021
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Bruegel
- Abstract:
- MRNA technology has proved in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic its breakthrough value as a basis for vaccines. There has been rapid development of highly safe, effective and robust mRNA vaccines, and these can be delivered at large scale. Yet the technology is the result of a long process of accumulation of innovation and capacity. It was a bumpy process that could easily have turned out differently. The mRNA vaccines story suggests that a vibrant vaccine ecosystem cannot be taken for granted in terms of delivering the breakthroughs needed for global pandemic preparedness and response. This paper examines the background of mRNA technology development to understand better how public vaccine research and development policy can be improved to generate the full global social benefits from breakthrough novel vaccine technologies, like mRNA.
- Topic:
- Science and Technology, Research, Vaccine, and COVID-19
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
37. Reforming Patent Law: The Case of Covid‐19
- Author:
- Michele Boldrin and David Levine
- Publication Date:
- 10-2021
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- The Cato Journal
- Institution:
- The Cato Institute
- Abstract:
- Ashort time ago the debate over the proposal to temporarily waive intellectual property rights on Covid‐19 vaccines was raging worldwide; and the suspension of those rights seemed imminent. Public attention reached its peak in May 2021 when the Biden administration endorsed the idea and committed itself to pursuing it under the World Trade Organization–World Intellectual Property Organization (WTO-WIPO) procedural rules for waiving intellectual property (IP) protection. By suspending IP rights, the administration sought to help low‐income countries to start producing vaccines more quickly, reducing the rising and dramatic worldwide vaccine inequality.
- Topic:
- Intellectual Property/Copyright, Inequality, Vaccine, COVID-19, and Patents
- Political Geography:
- Africa, India, and Latin America
38. In Vaccines We Trust? The Effects of the CIA’s Vaccine Ruse on Immunization in Pakistan
- Author:
- Monica Martinez-Bravo and Andreas Stegmann
- Publication Date:
- 11-2021
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- The Cato Institute
- Abstract:
- Trust in the medical sector and in medical products is a key determinant of the demand for health care. This is especially relevant for the use of vaccines. Because of herd immunity, it is difficult—if not impossible—to learn about the effectiveness of vaccines through one’s own experience. Hence, events that discredit the effectiveness of vaccines or the reputation of the medical sector can have dramatic consequences on immunization rates. A commonly discussed example of such dynamics was the publication of an article in the medical journal The Lancet in 1998 that linked autism to the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Media reports have associated this publication with the emergence of the anti‐vaccine movement and with the recent rise in the number of unvaccinated children in several countries. The declines in vaccination rates have contributed to the reemergence of previously eradicated diseases in several countries.
- Topic:
- Public Health, Vaccine, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan and South Asia
39. The COVID-19 Curtain: Can Past Communist Regimes Explain the Vaccination Divide in Europe
- Author:
- Inés Berniell, Yarine Fawaz, Anne Laferrere, Pedro Mira, and Elizaveta Pronkina
- Publication Date:
- 11-2021
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS)
- Abstract:
- As of November 2021, all former Communist countries from Central and Eastern Europe exhibit lower vaccination rates than Western European countries. Can institutional inheritance explain, at least in part, this heterogeneity in vaccination decisions across Europe? To study this question we exploit novel data from the second wave of the SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe) Covid-19 Survey fielded in Summer 2021 that covers 27 European countries and Israel. First, we document lower Covid-19 vaccine take-up amongst individuals above 55 years old who were born under Communism in Europe. Next, we turn to reunified Germany to get closer to a causal effect of exposure to Iron curtain regimes. We find that exposure to the Communist regime in East Germany decreases one’s probability to get vaccinated against Covid-19 by 8 percentage points, increases that of not wanting the vaccine by 4 percentage points. Both effects are quite large and statistically significant, and they hold when controlling for individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics. We identify low social capital -measured as voluntary work, political engagement, trust in people- as a plausible channel through which past Communist regimes would still affect individuals’ preferences for Covid-19 vaccination.
- Topic:
- Communism, Public Health, Vaccine, and COVID-19
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Post-Soviet Europe
40. How Chinese COVID-19 Vaccines Will Impact China-Indonesia Vaccine Diplomacy
- Author:
- Jason Hung
- Publication Date:
- 07-2021
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Pacific Forum
- Abstract:
- This research will discuss how Indonesia’s final-stage Sinovac clinical trial results will play a leading role in determining China’s diplomatic power amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper analyzes how vaccine diplomacy will impact China-Indonesia relations: if Sinovac proves inefficacious, Jakarta is unlikely to cut ties with Beijing but may consolidate relations with Washington. However, as the United States faces its own COVID-19 struggles, this paper examines how Beijing can continue to use vaccine diplomacy as leverage to strengthen and expand its influence in South China Sea (SCS) disputes with minimal interference from Washington. Additionally, the paper will evaluate how the reliability of China’s Sinovac vaccine—especially after Beijing’s supply of health care products to Europe were found to be of unsatisfactory quality—will affect the outcomes of vaccine diplomacy, determining whether Beijing can restore its reputation globally in order to facilitate bilateral or multilateral cooperation. Finally, the paper will assess how the outcome of China-Indonesia vaccine diplomacy will help determine China’s opportunities to compete with major Western powers in the global vaccine market in the long-term.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, International Cooperation, Vaccine, and COVID-19
- Political Geography:
- China, Indonesia, and Asia