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21. Cumulative Climate Shocks and Migratory Flows: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Author:
Salvatore Di Falco, Anna B. Kis, and Martina Viarengo
Publication Date:
02-2022
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre for International Environmental Studies, The Graduate Institute (IHEID)
Abstract:
We re-examine the effects of negative weather anomalies during the growing season on the decision to migrate in rural households in five sub-Saharan African countries. To this end we combine a multi-country household panel dataset with high-resolution gridded precipitation data. We find that while the effect of recent adverse weather shocks is on average modest, the cumulative effect of a persistent exposure to droughts over several years leads to a significant increase in the probability to migrate. The results show that more frequent adverse shocks can have more significant and long-lasting consequences in challenging economic environments.
Topic:
Climate Change, Migration, Urban, Rural, and Economic Development
Political Geography:
Sub-Saharan Africa

22. Rural Depopulation in Spain: Next Generation EU As A Stimulus To Accelerate The Transformation

Author:
Monica Puente Regidor, Marcin Roman Czubala Ostapiuk, and Carlos Corullon Hermosa
Publication Date:
02-2022
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
The main objective of this study was to examine the situation of depopulation in Spain. Also, to highlight the importance of digital transformation and the funds provided through the Next Generation EU (NGEU) to fight against this phenomenon. Based on data from the National Institute of Statistics (INE), an empirical investigation about the current state of population abandonment in Spain has been carried out. Moreover, the Digitization Index (DiGiX) has been used to obtain a territorial vision about the digitization degree of the Autonomous Communities (CCAA). Finally, the estimates of the Spanish executive set out in the National Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (RTRP) have been used to underline the importance of Next Generation EU resources to fight the problem of ‘empty Spain’. That was to see that mentioned country is currently at the head of the ‘demographic deserts’ of the EU. Likewise, the Recovery Plan for Europe, and its digital axe, constitute one of the key factors to combat the population abandonment of the Spanish rural areas. In other words, an important approach, which addresses the wide deficiencies in the literature on the subject, is making this research highly relevant and interesting. Downloads
Topic:
Regional Cooperation, Population, European Union, and Rural
Political Geography:
Europe and Spain

23. El Enfoque Territorial en la Política Nacional para Consolidar el Sistema de Ciudades en Colombia (PNCSC): El caso de las Ciudades Amazónicas

Author:
Isabel Peñaranda Currie
Publication Date:
02-2022
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo (CIDER), Universidad de los Andes
Abstract:
La Política Nacional para Consolidar el Sistema de Ciudades en Colombia” (PNCSC),plasmada en el CONPES 3819 del 2014, surgió para fortalecer las ciudades del país como motores de desarrollo local y nacional. La PNCSC busca adoptar un enfoque territorial y diferenciado para incorporar las particularidades locales y regionales del país. La PNCSC es importante para regiones como laAmazonía, donde la mayoría de la población vive encentros urbanos y donde hay grandes obstáculos a nivel local para desarrollar políticas urbanas. Sin embargo, para que la PNCSC pueda responder a estas necesidades, el enfoque territorial debe tener en cuenta las particularidades de esta región y sus ciudades. La PNCSC tiene un sesgo que privilegia a las grandes ciudades enla aplicaciónde los fundamentos teóricos, sus diagnósticos y sus recomendaciones. Este sesgo se manifiesta en los dos pilares de la definición del Sistema de Ciudades (SC), específicamente, en la interpretación de los conceptos de “economías de aglomeración” y “relaciones funcionales”. Este documento busca aportar a la mejora del enfoque territorial del PNCSC con la introducción de la escala subregional y la dimensión urbano-rural, mediante el desarrollo de una tipología basada en las categorías de ruralidad de la Misiónpara la Transformación del Campo, y la tipología de subregiones funcionales adelantado por el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) y el Centro Latinoamericano para el Desarrollo Rural (Rimisp). Se contrastan los dos pilares – de economías de aglomeración y relaciones funcionales – del Sistema de Ciudades según la interpretación por la PNCSC, y la tipología aquí propuesta que incorpora la dinámica urbano rural y la escala subregional. Se concluye que la tipología propuesta captura mejor las realidades territoriales que la primera. Con relación a las economías de aglomeración, se recomienda desarrollar una metodología para analizar economías de aglomeración urbano-rurales, además de una estrategia para promoverlas. Adicionalmente, la PNCSC debería contemplar expresiones de las economías de aglomeración, especialmente aquellas basadas en la diversidad. En cuanto a las relaciones funcionales, se requiere una definición y aplicación más sistemáticas de dichas relacionesbasadasnosoloenla conmutaciónlaboral, sinotambiénenlas relacionesde servicios comoeducacióny salud, como aquellas identificadas por el estudio de DNP-Rimisp. La PNCSC debe promover una mayor intervención estatal consistente con las características de las ciudades amazónicas que reconozca el papel que éstas juegan en la provisión de servicios vitales.
Topic:
Development, Governance, Rural, and Cities
Political Geography:
Colombia, South America, and Amazon Basin

24. Hechos metropolitanos y regionales de ciudades, aglomeraciones urbanas y territorios rurales en Colombia

Author:
Ángela Maribeth Martín Pérez and Andrés Hernández
Publication Date:
05-2022
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo (CIDER), Universidad de los Andes
Abstract:
Sistema agroalimentario regional relacionado con la agricultura campesina, familiar y comunitaria y vínculos urbano-rurales en el territorio de Bogotá-Cundinamarca. El estudio de los hechos regionales se realiza desde una perspectiva que integra dos enfoques de análisis: el primero, que estudia los hechos regionales como fenómenos y transformaciones territoriales que dan cuenta de: a) las interdependencias entre la ciudad núcleo y los diferentes municipios o entre diferentes municipios de la escala identificada; b) los conflictos entre diferentes modelos, lógicas o estilos de desarrollo o entre marcos legales y políticas públicas en tensión; y finalmente, c) las potencialidades del territorio. De esta forma cuando se habla de hechos regionales se hace referencia a fenómenos, transformaciones, interdependencias, conflictos y potencialidades (Hernández Andrés, Molina Cristhian, Forero Rafael, Duarte Vanessa 2020; Hernández Andrés y Segura Ethel 2020).
Topic:
Agriculture, Development, Urban, Rural, and Cities
Political Geography:
Colombia and South America

25. Old Fertilizer in New Bottles: Selling the Past as Innovation in Africa’s Green Revolution

Author:
Timothy A. Wise
Publication Date:
02-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University
Abstract:
Rising global hunger in recent years has prompted calls for a broad reckoning over what is wrong with global food systems. Our changing climate has added urgency to the crisis. Many experts warn that our current agricultural practices are undermining the resource base – soil, water, seeds, climate – on which future food production depends. Now the global COVID-19 pandemic threatens to further exacerbate food insecurity for many of the world’s poor. Africa is projected to overtake South Asia by 2030 as the region with the greatest number of hungry people. An alarming 250 million people in Africa now suffer from “undernourishment,” the U.N. term for chronic hunger. If policies do not change, experts project that number to soar to 433 million in 2030. A growing number of farmers, scientists, and development experts now advocate a shift from high-input, chemical-intensive agriculture to low-input ecological farming. They are supported by an impressive array of new research documenting both the risks of continuing to follow our current practices and the potential benefits of a transition to more sustainable farming. The new initiatives have been met with a chorus of derision from an unsurprising group of commentators, many associated with agribusiness interests. They dismiss agroecology as backward, a nostalgic call for a return to traditional peasant production methods which they say have failed to feed growing populations in developing countries. For such critics, the future is innovation and innovation is technology: the kinds of commercial high-yield seeds and inorganic fertilizers associated with the Green Revolution. This paper explores the ways in which this innovation narrative flips reality on its head, presenting Green Revolution practices of the past as if they were new innovations. It does so through the lens of the battle for Africa’s food future, examining the disappointing results from the Alliance for a Green Revolution for Africa (AGRA). In contrast, the real innovations in Africa are coming from soil scientists, ecologists, nutritionists, and farmers themselves who actively seek alternatives to approaches that have been failing small-scale farmers for years. A wide range of farmer organizations, scientists, and advocates offer a broad and diverse array of ecologically-based initiatives based on sound science. These are proving far more innovative and effective, raising productivity, crop and nutritional diversity, and incomes while reducing farmers’ costs and government outlays.
Topic:
Agriculture, Climate Change, Green Technology, Rural, Innovation, Land, and Farming
Political Geography:
Africa

26. Rural Sanitation Practices: A Rapid Assessment Study for Odisha

Author:
Anindita Mukherjee, Anju Dwivedi, and Neha Agarwal
Publication Date:
01-2021
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Centre for Policy Research, India
Abstract:
The state of Odisha has made unprecedented strides in increasing access to individual toilets from 14% in 2011 to a purported 100% in 2019 under the Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin. In light of the clarion call of a ‘Swachha Odisha, Sustha Odisha’, and the national imperatives set by the National Rural Sanitation Strategy, 2019-2029, the state has created a systematic framework towards the achievement of total sanitation in the form of the Odisha Rural Sanitation Policy, 2020. To inform the creation of the Policy and shape its contours for responding optimally to ground realities, we undertook a rapid assessment of the prevailing sanitation practices in three districts of the state. The present report discusses the resulting findings relating to varied aspects of rural sanitation - ranging from trends in toilet use and on-site sanitation systems to the availability and state of Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) infrastructure.
Topic:
Infrastructure, Governance, Rural, and Sanitation
Political Geography:
South Asia and India

27. The Role of Global Climate Change in Structural Transformation of Sub-Saharan Africa

Author:
Askar Mukashov and Christian Henning
Publication Date:
06-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)
Abstract:
With increasing evidence that rural households in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) opt for deagrarianization as an adaptation strategy to climate change, it is becoming important to understand the role of Global Climate Change (GCC) in ongoing structural transformation processes in these countries. We use Senegal as a case study country and analyze how various GCC scenarios affect the country's economic sectors, households' welfare, and structural transformation patterns. Our simulation results suggest that GCC can increase the country's deagrarianization pace, with industrial and service sectors in the capital Dakar being the most important destinations of the former agricultural labor force. Although unplanned urbanization smoothes the overall negative impact of GCC and decreases spatial income disparities, uncontrolled deagrarianization is also associated with negative externalities. Previous growth-focused studies suggest that services partaking in Senegal’s deagrarianization can hamper its long-term growth prospects, and our results suggest that productivity increase of services can redirect part of the former agricultural labor force towards industrial sectors.
Topic:
Agriculture, Climate Change, Economics, Environment, Labor Issues, Income Inequality, Rural, and Housing
Political Geography:
Africa and Senegal

28. Rural-Urban Migration in South Asia: A Case Study of Pakistan

Author:
Aliya Naz and Farzana Naheed Khan
Publication Date:
01-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
South Asian Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The recent estimates suggest that South Asia is the least urbanized region in the world, however, Pakistan is one of the most urbanized countries in this region. Rural-urban migration is considered the main cause of urbanization and an inherent part of economic development process. Therefore, this study examines the determinants of rural-urban migration in Pakistan and utilizes two waves of Labour Force Survey of Pakistan (2006 & 2018). The study finds that there are various determinants of migration such as age, gender, marital status and education but higher levels of education appear to be important determinants of migration. This finding suggests that migration decision is positively linked to the human capital embodied in the individual. Therefore, policy makers should focus on the provision of higher education institutions. So, people may contribute to their own development as well as to the development of the country.
Topic:
Education, Migration, Labor Issues, Urban, and Rural
Political Geography:
Pakistan and Middle East

29. Media and Political Socialization in Pakistan: A Study of Rural and Urban Areas

Author:
Hamayun Masood and Malik Adnan
Publication Date:
01-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
South Asian Studies
Institution:
Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to describe the media interference scenario in the political socialization process of Pakistan. The role of media is not limited to stipulate new skills but also reinforces the social and cultural change and at the same time contributes in political socialization process. The study is conducted in the provinces of Pakistan including Balochistan, KPK, Punjab, Sindh and the capital city of the state (Islamabad). The multi- stage random sampling method is adopted and the total of 2000 respondents was chosen. 1000 of the respondents are male and 1000 are female and the proportion from each equality is equal like 1000 respondents from urban areas and 1000 respondents from rural areas. The minimum age limit for the respondents was chosen based on the minimum vote casting age limit. The analysis of gathered data is conducted through SPSS and the findings are described in tabular form. The two theories 'Agenda Setting and Knowledge Gap Hypothesis' are combined for evaluating study. Survey method is adopted for the study to collect quantitative data via questionnaire that included 49 questions. For testing hypothesis of the study, Chi-Square tool of statistics is used. The findings revealed that media is among the most influential and effective agents of political socialization and the consumption of different media tools encourage people to participate in political activities. Further, the urban area people are found to be more politically socialized as compare to the people of rural areas. Therefore, easy and equal accessibility of media can make political socialization process more powerful.
Topic:
Communications, Mass Media, Media, Urban, Rural, and Participation
Political Geography:
Pakistan and Middle East

30. Deeply Rooted: Coca Eradication and Violence in Colombia

Author:
International Crisis Group
Publication Date:
02-2021
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
International Crisis Group
Abstract:
Coca gives Colombian small farmers a stable livelihood but also endangers their lives, as criminals battle over the drug trade and authorities try to shut it down. Bogotá and Washington should abandon their heavy-handed elimination efforts and help growers find alternatives to the hardy plant.
Topic:
Natural Resources, Violence, Rural, Illegal Trade, Organized Crime, and Farming
Political Geography:
Colombia, South America, North America, and United States of America