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101. Creative Freedom and Censorship: A Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Framework for Ott Contents in the UK, India, and China

Author:
Siddharth Kanojia
Publication Date:
12-2023
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
Institution:
Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
Abstract:
The emergence of over-the-top (OTT) services has lately revolutionized the way people consume media content. These services have emerged as a significant disruptor in the media industry in recent years. With the advent of OTT platforms, various concerns have arisen over the censorship and regulation of content on these platforms. Accordingly, this paper has examined the current trends in censorship and regulation of OTT content through the perusal of various legal and regulatory frameworks in the United Kingdom, India, and China. It has probed into cases of censorship and examined various aspects of civil and political liberties. The analysis has revealed a persuasive connection between the degree of freedom of expression and creative freedom dispensed in each region. Lastly, the paper has provided recommendations for policymakers and other stakeholders on balancing the need for freedom of expression and access to information with responsible content management and regulation.
Topic:
Regulation, Freedom of Expression, and Censorship
Political Geography:
China, United Kingdom, and India

102. Enhancing Tobacco Control in Nigeria: The Impact of Health Warnings on Cigarette Packaging

Author:
African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)
Publication Date:
01-2023
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)
Abstract:
Tobacco consumption, a significant health issue in Nigeria, is associated with numerous deaths and has a substantial economic impact. This study examines the effectiveness of health warnings on cigarette packaging in Nigeria and their potential to reduce tobacco consumption. The findings suggest that transitioning from text-only health warnings to graphic and text warnings can lead to a significant decrease in tobacco-related deaths and diseases, and substantial savings in health costs. The study recommends that Nigeria should aim to achieve 100% compliance with its current regulations and move towards plain packaging with large warnings.
Topic:
Health, Regulation, Economy, Tobacco, and Public Health
Political Geography:
Africa and Nigeria

103. Addressing Implementation Challenges of the Excisable Goods Management System in Kenya: A Pathway to Curtailing Illicit Tobacco Trade

Author:
African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)
Publication Date:
01-2023
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)
Abstract:
The Excisable Goods Management System (EGMS) introduced by the Kenyan government in 2013 to combat the illicit trade in tobacco products is facing enormous challenges that are hampering its implementation. Although in 2014 the EGMS led to a reduction in undeclared production volumes and a potential substitution of illicit tobacco with licit tobacco, the system's effectiveness is limited by factors such as corruption, the complexity of the system and increased costs for small businesses. Based on these findings, the government and relevant agencies should take steps to raise consumer awareness of the EGMS and support small businesses.
Topic:
Corruption, Regulation, Economy, Trade, Tobacco, and Illegal Trade
Political Geography:
Kenya and Africa

104. Unveiling the Socio-Economic Impact of Smoking in Malawi: A Call for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Measures

Author:
African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)
Publication Date:
01-2023
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
The African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)
Abstract:
The rising consumption of tobacco products is contributing to a significant increase in tobacco-related deaths and illnesses in the country. The study '' The Socio-economic impact of disease burden due to smoking in Malawi'' reveals that Illness related to smoking results in three impacts for smokers and their families: direct ill health of the smoker and family members; economic burden for the smoker, their family and the community; and mental health effects. It is recommended the government and other stakeholders put in place nationwide initiatives aimed at preventing smoking initiation, and those aimed at sensitizing and educating the general public about the risks associated with tobacco use.
Topic:
Regulation, Tobacco, Public Health, and Socioeconomics
Political Geography:
Africa and Malawi

105. Mind the Gap: The Challenges of Assurance for Artificial Intelligence

Author:
Isaac Gazendam and Philip Dawson
Publication Date:
11-2023
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Stanford University
Abstract:
Artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities have progressed rapidly since defeating human players at board games. From voice assistants to chatbots, image filters to multi-modal content generation, AI is accelerating individual, commercial, and scientific purposes. The development of increasingly advanced AI systems, each with unique strengths and vulnerabilities, has also made assessing and managing AI risk a daunting prospect. Controls do exist. A variety of stakeholders have made strides in proposing tools and methods to govern AI systems. A common approach applied across these attempts is based on assurance, a collection of approaches and techniques that aim to measure the quality, reliability, and trustworthiness of AI products, services, organizations, or professionals. To some extent, governments are relying on assurance-based approaches to govern AI – from assessments and audit to certification – regardless of whether they have plans to develop AI regulations. Yet the AI assurance ecosystem remains nascent. Frameworks for AI assessments and audits are still evolving, as are supporting standards and accreditation criteria for third-party auditors, reviewers and evaluators. In some cases, it is now possible to apply certain assurance mechanisms to the governance of narrower applications of AI and related organizational processes. However, assurance-based approaches to more advanced systems based on large language models (LLMs) or generative models remain in their infancy.
Topic:
Science and Technology, Governance, Regulation, Artificial Intelligence, and Large Language Models (LLMs)
Political Geography:
Global Focus

106. What’s Next for Oil and Gas Methane Regulations

Author:
Ben Cahill
Publication Date:
03-2023
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
Abstract:
Proposed methane regulations for the oil and gas industry are in the works in the United States and the European Union. These new rules—especially the U.S. regulations—could play a critical role in curbing emissions. This brief summarizes the next steps for methane rules on both sides of the Atlantic, including an overview of the emerging regulations in the United States and a synopsis of the EU methane legislation process. It identifies areas that require more analysis, such as how closely measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV), leak detection and repair (LDAR), and reporting requirements will align. The brief also summarizes the current EU approach to reducing methane emissions from its gas imports as well as its longer-term aspirations, outlining the implications for gas exporters to Europe.
Topic:
Climate Change, European Union, Regulation, Sustainability, Methane, and Energy
Political Geography:
Europe and United States of America

107. Improving the Efficiency of NRC Power Reactor Licensing: The 1957 Mandatory Hearing Reconsidered

Author:
Matt Bowen, Rama T. Ponangi, and Stephen Burns
Publication Date:
11-2023
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Center on Global Energy Policy (CGEP), Columbia University
Abstract:
Nuclear energy can play a vital role in helping the US—and the globe—meet mid-century climate goals. But any such role for nuclear depends on overcoming the significant if underappreciated challenges posed by the current nuclear licensing process in the US. Put simply, getting a new nuclear project licensed is time-consuming and expensive. This report, part of ongoing research on nuclear energy at the Center on Global Energy Policy, Columbia University SIPA focuses on a singular element of the licensing process that has drawn particular scrutiny for the resources it demands: the so-called mandatory hearing. Dating to a 1957 amendment to the Atomic Energy Act (AEA) of 1954, the mandatory hearing was put in place during the early period of nuclear reactor regulation as a way of forcing the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to be more transparent with the public about projects under consideration for development. It was intended to provide an open forum in which the details of reactor project applications were aired publicly and debated. But today, well over half a century since the 1957 amendment to the AEA, there are several compelling reasons to reconsider the mandatory hearing requirement.
Topic:
Energy Policy, Regulation, and Nuclear Energy
Political Geography:
North America and United States of America

108. China’s Climate Disclosure Regime: How Regulations, Politics, and Investors Shape Corporate Climate Reporting

Author:
Edmund Downie, Erica Downs, and Yushan Lou
Publication Date:
11-2023
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Center on Global Energy Policy (CGEP), Columbia University
Abstract:
Part of the great power competition between the United States and China is a question of who will lead the low-carbon economy. One facet of this contest is building financial systems that can channel capital toward companies that are ready to adapt to this new economy and reduce exposure to companies that are not. This requires strong climate disclosure regimes that can ensure that companies provide useful information to investors to support their decision-making. The US is finalizing its first systematic series of climate disclosure mandates this year. But what does China’s disclosure regime look like? Existing literature has provided only fragmentary answers to this question. This report, part of the China Energy and Climate Program at the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA, offers the most comprehensive English-language analysis to date of China’s climate disclosure regime—the regulations, pressures, and informal norms that drive firms’ decisions around publicizing climate-relevant information about their businesses. The report begins by reviewing the climate disclosures of 39 of China’s largest carbon-emitting firms—its “carbon majors”—to provide a baseline survey of climate disclosure quality among large, emissions-intensive firms. The sample spans seven of China’s highest-emitting industrial sectors and includes both listed and unlisted firms. The Authors combine this review with an analysis of cross-national corporate climate disclosure quality datasets to map China’s climate disclosure regime.
Topic:
Climate Change, Regulation, Investment, Carbon Emissions, and Corporations
Political Geography:
China and Asia

109. Beyond the Brussels Effect: Supporting the International Case for a Value-based Digital Market

Author:
Susanna M. Sprague
Publication Date:
06-2022
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
EGMONT - The Royal Institute for International Relations
Abstract:
Building a strong European Single Market represents a major effort and challenge to the European Union. It must encompass and respond to the dramatic ways in which digital technologies are changing our businesses, societies, and behaviors. The EU is not alone in its need to grapple with issues such as privacy, misinformation, consumer protection, and anti-competitive practices online while protecting fundamental rights. However, the EU also has an important and unique position as a major market, with many international partners. It is determined to ensure its economy will be based on its values as reflected in its laws.
Topic:
Regional Cooperation, European Union, Regulation, and Digitalization
Political Geography:
Europe

110. Large-Scale Land Deals and Social Conflict: Evidence and Policy Implications

Author:
Alexander De Juan, Daniel Geissel, Jann Lay, and Rebecca Lohmann
Publication Date:
05-2022
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
German Institute of Global and Area Studies
Abstract:
How do large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) increase the risk of conflict, and what kind of policies can mitigate this effect? We address these questions with a systematic and poli-cy-oriented synthesis of prior research. First, we suggest a simple conceptual framework linking LSLAs to social conflict through relative deprivation. Second, we present empirical evidence on the associations between land investments and social conflict, drawing on pre-existing quantitative and qualitative studies as well as on own descriptive analyses and case studies. Taken together, this evidence suggests that conflicts accompany a sub-stantive share of LSLAs (10 to 20 percent). Specifically, contentious dynamics often start with violations of community interests, which spur largely peaceful community protests that trigger coercion and violence at the hands of armed actors associated with national governments and investors. Third, we develop a set of policy recommendations in high-lighting the need for thorough regulatory frameworks, meaningful consultation, and full transparency.
Topic:
Reform, Regulation, Conflict, Transparency, Land, and Community
Political Geography:
Global Focus