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771. Underdevelopment, extractivism, and conflict in the Global South and the role of systemic alternatives

Author:
Barbara Magalhães Teixeira
Publication Date:
08-2021
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Conjuntura Austral: Journal of the Global South
Institution:
Conjuntura Austral: Journal of the Global South
Abstract:
A condition of underdevelopment has marked the nations of the Global South since the Second World War. The search for development and for economic growth has made countries in the Global South dependent on global markets and international investment, and have made their environment and nature hostage to capitalist exploration. The process of development and of economic growth, coupled with the history of colonization and dependency present violent processes and structures that are source to conflict and instability all over the Global South. This article critically assesses the relationsh ip between underdevelopment and the exploitation of the environment in the Global South and the violent outcomes that it reproduces. It finds that conflict and violence are inherent to the capitalist model of development, instead of anomalies to the system. Building from the field of critical development and decolonial studies, this article proposes ways to overcome dependency to extractivism by looking at the alternatives ofanti-extractivism, degrowth and buen vivirto free both people and the planet.
Topic:
Development, Environment, Global South, Dependency, and Extractivism
Political Geography:
Global South

772. Coalition Falls Back in Hudaydah, Fighting Shifts South – The Yemen Review, November 2021

Author:
Sana'a Center for Strategic Studies
Publication Date:
12-2021
Content Type:
Commentary and Analysis
Institution:
Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies
Abstract:
A surprise decision by the UAE-backed Joint Forces to withdraw from areas south of Hudaydah city and the surrounding governorate shook up the military situation on Yemen’s Red Sea coast.[1] The largest members of the Joint Forces are the Giants Brigade, Tariq Saleh’s National Resistance Forces and the Tihama Resistance. The withdrawal, which began on November 9, saw the Joint Forces move out 15,000 fighters and abandon frontlines in Hudaydah city, home to Yemen’s busiest port, as well as in Al-Durayhimi and Bayt al-Faqih districts, and from the majority of Al-Tuhayta district. The frontlines had been active but largely static since the December 2018 UN-sponsored Stockholm Agreement, which ended a Saudi-led coalition push to take Hudaydah city. The UN and the Yemeni government said they had no advance notice of the withdrawal,[2] and it appeared as though the Joint Forces’ own units were confused about how it would be carried out. The process was disorganized, with units disputing the order of withdrawal with one another. Houthi forces took advantage of this, shelling Joint Forces positions and causing dozens of casualties, according to local military sources. Hundreds of Joint Forces fighters were captured by Houthi forces. The Joint Forces withdrew to the south, establishing a new defensive line from the Al-Himah area, in southwestern Al-Tuhayat district, to Hays district, about 40 kilometers to the east. The official explanation from the Joint Forces was that the withdrawal corrected what it called the “mistake” of remaining in defensive positions while frontlines elsewhere in Yemen needed support.[3] In effect, the terms of the Stockholm Agreement prevented the Joint Forces from making any serious attempt to advance in Hudaydah since 2018. Coalition Falls Back in Hudaydah, Fighting Shifts South – The Yemen Review, November 2021 - Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies https://sanaacenter.org/publications/the-yemen-review/15894
Topic:
Development, Politics, Economy, Houthis, and Armed Conflict
Political Geography:
Yemen and Gulf Nations

773. Regional Inequality and the Persistence of Poverty in Mozambique, Explained from the Perspective of the Vicious Circle of Poverty

Author:
Gilberto Libânio and Castigo José Castigo
Publication Date:
08-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Brazilian Journal of African Studies
Abstract:
To what extent have regional inequal-ities adversely affected the effectiveness of policies to combat poverty in Mozam-bique? To answer this question, the Vicious Circle of Poverty (VCP) perspec-tive is used to explain the persistence of poverty in the context of significant regional inequalities that characterize the economy of Mozambique, in the period 2001-2014. Therefore, the study aims to analyze how regional inequalities neg-atively affected policies to combat poverty in Mozambique and dictated their persistence and unequal incidence, using the VCP perspective. More specif-ically, it is intended to demonstrate the existence of unequal development or opportunities between regions and provinces, and to analyze how this dif-ference in development/opportunities influenced poverty reduction, finding its basis in the VCP.
Topic:
Development, Poverty, Inequality, and Economy
Political Geography:
Africa and Mozambique

774. Accountability social y democracia: El caso de la red de ciudades justas, democráticas y sustentables

Author:
Andrés Hernández Quiñones and Jorge Florez Herrera
Publication Date:
03-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo (CIDER), Universidad de los Andes
Abstract:
Uno de los rasgos de la última década es el crecimiento de iniciativas impulsadas por organizaciones sociales, ONGs, medios de comunicación, movimientos sociales y ciudadanos orientadas a monitorear y evaluar planes, programas y políticas de desarrollo local en las grandes y medianas ciudades de América latina y a exigir rendición de cuentas por los resultados y los desempeños institucionales en la reducción de la pobreza y la generación de bienestar. Una expresión de estas iniciativas es la Red Latinoamericana por Ciudades Justas, Sustentables y Democráticas (RLCJS) que reúne más de 50 iniciativas ciudadanas que promueven el control social y la evaluación a planes de desarrollo y políticas públicas en sus ciudades. Las iniciativas que configuran la RLCJS se inscriben dentro de una tendencia más amplia de emergencia de iniciativas de participación ciudadana centrada en el control y la exigencia de rendición de cuentas en diversas áreas (derechos humanos, salud, educación, medio ambiente). El presente texto tiene dos propósitos, por un lado, rescatar y utilizar la literatura de AS como una herramienta analítica de utilidad para dar cuenta de la naturaleza de las nuevas iniciativas de participación ciudadana centradas en el control y en la exigencia de rendición de cuentas; y por otro lado, utilizar el marco analítico proporcionado por esta literatura para hacer un análisis de la naturaleza de las iniciativas que forman parte de la RLCJS. Desde esta perspectiva, busca responder a las siguientes preguntas: ¿qué se entiende por accountability social?, ¿son nuevas formas de democracia participativa o por el contrario son nuevas modalidades de representación política?, ¿cuáles son los rasgos que definen estas iniciativas? , ¿Cuál es la incidencia de estas iniciativas en las políticas públicas, la gestión pública y la democracia a nivel local?, ¿qué condiciones determinan su éxito o fracaso?
Topic:
Development, Accountability, Cities, Sustainability, and Social Democracy
Political Geography:
Latin America

775. Dieciséis razones para la planeación territorial y rural en Putumayo. Una propuesta para la planeación territorial en contextos de exclusión y desacuerdos

Author:
Andrés Hernández Quiñones, Cruz Elena Flores, Andrés Felipe Vargas-Mariño, and Rafael Achury
Publication Date:
05-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo (CIDER), Universidad de los Andes
Abstract:
El Putumayo es un departamento complejo. En él existe una gran pluralidad de actores, historias y territorios que confluyen de muchas maneras. Esta complejidad, hace que el ordenamiento territorial y la planeación dentro de marcos de desarrollo sostenible fuerte e inclusivo no sean tareas fáciles. Esta cartilla, pretende contribuir a desenmarañar esta complejidad y, de esta manera, aportar algunos elementos para la construcción de un Putumayo prospero, sostenible e inclusivo. Es por esto que esta cartilla presenta a sus lectores en su primer capítulo, una breve reseña, del departamento, incluyendo aspectos históricos, culturales, políticos y económicos. De esta forma, la cartilla trata de presentar una mirada englobante del Putumayo, que puede ser útil para entender el departamento antes de pensar en su ordenamiento. En el segundo capítulo, la cartilla explica de manera sencilla lo que se entiende por “desarrollo”. Lejos de repetir indicadores -lo que muchas otras cartillas hacen- esta cartilla trata de mostrar la racionalidad que existe tras los ya conocidos indicadores. Igualmente, este capítulo presenta el concepto de Ordenamiento territorial, mostrando nociones básicas sobre geografía, espacio y territorio. Finalmente, la cartilla propone dieciséis razones para el ordenamiento y la planeación rural del Putumayo, sugiriendo vías de acción que pueden llevar al departamento hacia un desarrollo verdaderamente sostenible e inclusivo.
Topic:
Development, Governance, Rural, and Territorial Planning
Political Geography:
Colombia, South America, and Putumayo

776. El ordenamiento del suelo rural en Colombia

Author:
Catalina Villegas del Castillo
Publication Date:
10-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo (CIDER), Universidad de los Andes
Abstract:
Este texto aborda el ordenamiento del suelo rural que, si bien no tiene la urgencia e importancia de cuestiones estructurales del campo como la reforma agraria, sí requiere de un marco institucional y de gobernanza renovado que permita a nivel local y nacional avanzar en estrategias para la reducción de la pobreza y de las inequidades, así como para la reactivación económica en el contexto de la pandemia con la puesta en marcha de estrategias territoriales. Varias de las reflexiones que se presentan son el resultado de trabajos de consultoría a entidades del Gobierno nacional, y no tienen otro propósito que el de aprovechar el espacio académico para circular ideas que convencionalmente se quedan en las oficinas de las entidades públicas.
Topic:
Development, Urban, Rural, and Land Management
Political Geography:
Colombia and South America

777. Desarrollo y suicidio de indígenas tikuna en Leticia y Puerto Nariño, Amazonas: un análisis desde la decolonialidad y el postdesarrollo

Author:
Yendri Velásquez
Publication Date:
11-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Desarrollo (CIDER), Universidad de los Andes
Abstract:
Esta investigación analiza la relación entre el modelo de desarrollo implementado en Leticia y Puerto Nariño, Amazonas y el suicidio de indígenas tikuna. Emplea perspectivas teóricas decoloniales y del postdesarrollo, y una metodología cualitativa. El artículo identifica las principales características del modelo de desarrollo implementado en estos municipios; analiza cómo este modelo restringe la visión tikuna sobre buen vivir, e impacta en el suicidio. Como resultado, se evidencia que las principales características del modelo de desarrollo se fundamentan en una visión eurocéntrica sustentada en lo material y visiones de raigambre moderno/colonial que conllevan a un desbalance de los elementos del ser tikuna: pora, naẽ, maü̃ y kua̰, cuya alteración afecta el bienestar individual y colectivo; produce crisis de identidad y sujetos vulnerables al suicidio. Si el Estado quiere revertir o abordar seriamente esta situación, debe empezar por habilitar las condiciones para poner en práctica la noción tikuna sobre buen vivir.
Topic:
Development, Decolonization, Mental Health, Indigenous, and Suicide
Political Geography:
South America and Amazon Basin

778. Technology Imports and Employment in Developing Countries: Evidence from Viet Nam

Author:
Thu Thu Vu and Duc Anh Dang
Publication Date:
08-2020
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
Abstract:
Advanced machines and technology replace workers through automation. However, capital–labour substitution need not reduce aggregate labour demand, as it induces simultaneous contrasting effects within industries. To explore these effects, we examine the relationship between employment in Vietnamese manufacturing firms and imported capital goods in 2011–2017. To solve the problem of potential endogeneity and measurement errors, we used Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) imported capital goods as an instrument variable for imported capital goods in Viet Nam. We found that imported capital goods do not displace employment and even increase employment and labour productivity. The impacts of imported advanced technology are more pronounced in large firms. More imported technology increases labour productivity in state-owned enterprises and the number of workers in large firms and firms in industrial zones. However, the increase in the level of employment is lower in industries and firms intensively using machines.
Topic:
Development, Science and Technology, Employment, and Imports
Political Geography:
Asia and Vietnam

779. The Effects of Financial Inclusion on Development Outcomes: New Insights from ASEAN and East Asian Countries

Author:
Rajabrata Banerjee, Ronald Donato, and Admasu Afsaw Maruta
Publication Date:
09-2020
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
Abstract:
This study empirically examines the effects of financial inclusion on economic development, – economic growth, education, health, and income inequality – in 20 Asian countries in the period 2004-2015. The financial inclusion index at an aggregate level is constructed using a hybrid methodology (reported in the previous paper) and we empirically examine its relationship with particular development outcomes. We then disaggregate the index into the three dimensions of financial inclusions – access, usage, and quality – and further into the top two indicators from each dimension based on principal component analysis scores (reported in the previous paper), to examine whether specific dimensions or indicators are more strongly associated with particular development outcomes than with others. Our results show that aggregate financial inclusion has a strong positive effect on all development outcomes and this effect improves for countries with lower political risk. At the dimension level, while usage is the only dimension impacting on economic growth, and access is the only dimension impacting on health outcomes, both usage and access influence education and income inequality. Moreover, the top ranked indicators in each dimension exert a far greater positive influence on development outcomes than the second highest ranked indicators. Our findings show that adopting a single blanket policy may not be appropriate to realise the full potential of financial inclusion in a less developed country. Policy prescriptions should therefore target specific dimension and indicators of financial inclusion to maximise the positive effect on development outcomes.
Topic:
Development, Health, Finance, and Fiscal Policy
Political Geography:
Asia

780. The Role of Innovation in Skill Development: Evidence from Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Viet Nam

Author:
Duc Anh Dang and Vuong Ahn Dang
Publication Date:
12-2020
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
Abstract:
Using the Small and Medium Enterprise Survey in Vietnam and three proxies of innovation, we study the impact of firm innovation on on-the-job training in the manufacturing sector from 2007 through 2015. To address potential measurement errors and omitted variable problems, we use the average level of innovation in the same sector in other districts as an instrument for firms’ innovations. We find that firms provide additional training for existing workers when introducing new technology, and high-value-added firms provide additional training for existing workers. Moreover, government assistance may not be the main reason that encourages firms to provide training. The results also show that firms hire more skilled workers when implementing innovations.
Topic:
Development, Training, Innovation, and Skilled Labor
Political Geography:
Asia and Vietnam