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Begin New Search Topic Research and Development Publication Year within 25 Years

21. Employment effects of R&D and innovation: Evidence from small and medium-sized firms in emerging markets

Author:
Rajeev K. Goel and Michael Nelson
Publication Date:
08-2021
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)
Abstract:
This paper studies the impact of research and development (R&D) and innovation on employment growth, focusing on small and medium-sized firms. Employment effects of R&D and innovation are unclear a priori as process innovation may be labor-saving or labor might have complementarities with other inputs. Employing firm-level data from 125 nations, results show that both R&D and innovation increased employment growth, suggesting that innovation was either capital-saving or labor had strong complementarities with other inputs. Upon splitting the sample into growing and contracting firms showed that contracting firms benefit from innovation but not from R&D. In other findings, sole proprietorships, larger firms, firms with relatively more experienced managers, firms with females as top managers, and firms facing the threat of informal competition had lower employment growth, while foreign-owned and government-owned enterprises have positive influences on employment growth. Finally, employment growth in shrinking firms was boosted in nations with greater economic freedom, but this growth is undermined by informal sector competition.
Topic:
Development, Emerging Markets, Research, Innovation, and Research and Development
Political Geography:
Global Focus

22. Scientific Productivity and Citation Analysis of the Bhutan Journal of Research and Development, 2012- 2019

Author:
Lingchen Dorji
Publication Date:
05-2020
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Bhutan Studies
Institution:
Centre for Bhutan & GNH Studies (CBS)
Abstract:
This paper uses bibliometric methods to study the status and development trends of the Bhutan Journal of Research and Development (BJRD). Firstly, the general characteristics of the journal are investigated through the analysis of descriptive statistics. Then, the subject matter of the articles are explored. Finally, the impact factor score and h-index of the journal are determined by using ISI’s JCR formula and Harzing’s Publish or Perish (PoP) citation analysis program.
Topic:
Science and Technology, Research, Citation, and Research and Development
Political Geography:
South Asia and Bhutan

23. From Research to Market:What the EU can learn from the USA?

Author:
Jekaterina Novikova
Publication Date:
01-2019
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Institute of European Studies (IES), UC Berkeley
Abstract:
The research project “From Research to Market: What the EU can learn from the USA” addresses the gap between the laboratory research and market. I examine how government, universities and private companies facilitate the transition of research results to market in the USA. In the report I present various programs that are available to the researchers and entrepreneurs in the US and invite to consider them for implementation in Europe. I argue that different stages of lab-to-market transfer require different mechanisms that should not be limited to funding but include technology transfer assistance and advice on intellectual property, mentoring by peers and industry mentors and access to the laboratory space and incubators. I conclude that the Bay Area answer to closing the lab-to-market gap is by a combination of support mechanisms that reinforce and complement each other, when implemented simultaneously. I invite to discuss which of the US initiatives and programs described in this report shall be promoted in Europe and at which level.
Topic:
Science and Technology, Governance, European Union, and Research and Development
Political Geography:
Europe, North America, and United States of America

24. Chasing After the Frontier in Agricultural Productivity

Author:
Jules-Daniel Wurlod and Derek Eaton
Publication Date:
11-2015
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre for International Environmental Studies, The Graduate Institute (IHEID)
Abstract:
This paper explores international productivity patterns in agriculture. We test whether countries higher productivity growth has been experienced by countries that were initially further from the technological frontier. Based on a panel of 84 countries at various levels of development, we find support for convergence among OECD countries but divergence in our sample at large over the period 1960-2010. We then test whether technological catch-up is conditional on absorptive capacities and domestic investments in R&D. While agricultural research intensity has a significant effect on labor productivity growth, the size of this effect decreases the further the country is from the frontier. We calculate a threshold level for the effectiveness of research intensity: increased R&D contributes to catching up to the frontier for those countries with a distance to the frontier less than 22. We also test for additional factors affecting productivity growth, and find that secondary education plays a strong role in less developed countries, while trade openness appears to have had a positive effect on productivity in middle income countries. On the other hand, there is little evidence of much effect, either positive or negative from IPR protection. Of perhaps greater interest is the apparent impact of economic growth outside of agriculture in driving agricultural productivity improvements.
Topic:
Agriculture, Education, Productivity, Research and Development, and Convergence
Political Geography:
Global Focus

25. Multinational Firms and the Internationalization of Green R&D: A Review of the Evidence and Policy Implications

Author:
Joëlle Noailly and David Ryfisch
Publication Date:
12-2014
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre for International Environmental Studies, The Graduate Institute (IHEID)
Abstract:
This paper presents novel empirical evidence on the internationalization of green R&D by multinational firms (MNCs), as measured by patents data. Using data on inventors’ addresses for the set of 1,200 MNCs firms patenting in green technologies over the 2004-2009 period, we find that about 17% of green patents result from MNCs R&D investments conducted outside their home countries. MNCs tend to locate their foreign green R&D activities in other OECD markets and in China, in particular in lightings and solar technologies. The empirical analysis reveals that the probability of conducting green R&D abroad increases with the host country’s stringency of environmental regulation, market size and (green) R&D intensity. Also, relatively lower wages for scientists and engineers, and stronger protection for intellectual property rights in the host country increase the likelihood for MNCs to offshore green R&D. The paper concludes by discussing the policy implications of this changing global innovation landscape.
Topic:
Green Technology, Multinational Corporations, and Research and Development
Political Geography:
Global Focus

26. Openness, R&D, and Growth: Difference in Latin American and East Asian Policy and Political Economy

Author:
Glauco A. S. Oliveira
Publication Date:
05-2005
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Public and International Affairs (JPIA)
Institution:
School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA), Princeton University
Abstract:
This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical literature relating openness, research and development (R&D) policies, and growth in developing countries. Although there are indications that openness is associated with improvements in productivity due to technological spillovers, active R&D policies and complementary institutions (intellectual property rights) play an important role in bringing about such gains. The article compares East Asia and Latin America, with special attention to the latter. The puzzle is that both regions opened their economies and carried out a set of similar industrial and technological strategies, yet their experiences in growth and R&D performance are divergent. After considering differences in each region’s pace of integration into the world economy, the analysis moves to a closer look at the political economy of policy formation in Latin America and East Asia. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section introduces the debate; the second encompasses a comprehensive theoretical and empirical literature review; the third discusses the policy and political economy experiences of the regions. Finally, the conclusion offers policy recommendations for Latin America, based on the success of the East Asian experience.
Topic:
Political Economy, Economic Growth, and Research and Development
Political Geography:
East Asia and Latin America