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12. The Long Arm of the Law(less): The PRC’s Overseas Police Stations
- Author:
- Martin Purbrick
- Publication Date:
- 06-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- China Brief
- Institution:
- The Jamestown Foundation
- Abstract:
- In April, the FBI charged two Chinese-Americans, both U.S. citizens, with conspiring to act as agents of the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) by establishing an “overseas police station” on behalf of the Fujian Public Security Bureau in New York. The defendants allegedly organized counter-protests against the Falun Gong, harassed a Chinese fugitive to return to the PRC and hassled a pro-democracy activist living in California. On June 6, the UK Government Minister of State for Security, Tom Tugendhat, made a statement with an update on Chinese “Overseas Police Service Stations” reportedly located in Croydon, Glasgow and Hendon (UK Parliament, June 6). He stated that “the Police have visited each of the locations identified by Safeguard Defenders [the NGO that reported the locations], and carefully looked into these allegations to consider whether any laws have been broken and whether any further action should be taken. I can confirm that they have not, to date, identified any evidence of illegal activity on behalf of the Chinese state across these sites.” The reactive approach in the UK is notably different from the US, where proactive intelligence led investigations by the FBI have led to multiple arrests. International concern regarding the extent of law enforcement activity by Chinese agencies outside of their home country jurisdiction has recently increased. Such activity has been reported as “Chinese Overseas Police Service Centers” (Safeguard Defenders, September 2022), “Chinese Assistance Centers” (China Brief, January 5, 2019), joint patrols in Italy with local police, structured training to local police such as in the Solomon Islands, harassment and intimidation of Chinese dissidents, and extra-judicial action to return fugitives from overseas that effectively constitutes extraordinary rendition. These activities are characterized by their diversity and, as a result, should not be considered part of a single strategy. Rather, the multiple purposes served by Chinese police forces’ expanding overseas activities can be better understood by tracing how these efforts have evolved over the past decade.
- Topic:
- Security, Law Enforcement, Law, and Police
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia
13. Leadership in police work applied to critical contexts: An integrative review and scientific mapping using VOSviewer and Google Trends tools
- Author:
- Lucius Paulo de Carvalho, Ana Paula Grillo Rodrigues, and Marcello Beckert Zappellini
- Publication Date:
- 09-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Security and Defence Quarterly
- Institution:
- War Studies University
- Abstract:
- The aim of this study is to identify cutting-edge studies on the phenomenon of leadership applied to police work, especially in critical contexts, based on an integrative literature review. The integrative review made it possible to survey publications on the subject in the Scopus, Web of Science, Ebsco Host, ScienceDirect, Core, and SciELO databases. Scientific mapping is complemented with the use of VOSviewer and Google Trends tools. The integrative review resulted in 15 studies that fit the research strategy, bringing different leadership approaches, such as instrumental, transformational, charismatic, consultative, ethical, authentic, military, destructive, and laissez-faire, through qualitative and/or quantitative studies. For bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, the research corpus was expanded to 63 articles, admitting documents that studied leadership with firefighters, military personnel, and police officers. The analysis showed almost no co-authorship link between the 129 authors. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords reveals that leadership strongly links with law enforcement, police, management, crisis management, emergency management, and decision-making, establishing a close relationship between these concepts and a semantic map that underlies the field of study. The analysis of trends by Google Trends in the science category indicates the stability of interest in the topic of leadership in the world. However, the theme of police leadership produced results close to zero. The findings reveal that few studies address leadership in police organisations, and even fewer if critical, dangerous contexts are examined. The trends analysed indicate that worldwide scientific interest in the subject remains low and the theme must be further explored.
- Topic:
- Security, Leadership, Crisis Management, and Police
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
14. Women Police Officers’ Perception of Gender Integration in the Kosovo Police
- Author:
- Adelina Hasani
- Publication Date:
- 11-2023
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Kosovar Centre for Security Studies (KCSS)
- Abstract:
- Kosovo has made significant strides in improving women’s political representation by implementing gender quotas to enhance the presence of women in its all state institutions. The enactment of Kosovo’s Law on Gender Equality in May 2015 marked a crucial milestone in strengthening the nation’s legal framework for promoting gender equality. However, despite progress, Kosovo still faces numerous gender equality challenges, particularly in the realms of women’s leadership positions, equal political participation, and ending violence against women. Traditional gender role mentalities, discrimination, and stereotyping have presented significant barriers to women’s involvement in decision-making at all levels, including within the security sector. Despite some notable improvements, the journey towards increased representation of women in the Kosovo Police remains a work in progress. Nevertheless, in many countries, likewise in Kosovo, security sector policies and programming have failed to analyze women’s security needs and priorities adequately and involve women and men equally by integrating their gender perspectives. In such cases, security institutions are often rife with equality gaps and may be unable to provide security for all community members. Efforts aimed at integrating a gender perspective into policies and practices of the security sector have predominantly focused on women’s representation rather than on their specific needs. The data conducted shows that Kosovo’s policies have demonstrated significant efforts to enhance the gender perspective within the Kosovo Police. However, challenges persist, stemming from factors such as the limited participation of women in managerial and decision-making roles, traditional male dominance, patriarchal mindsets, and the need for comprehensive integration of gender perspectives into all laws and regulations governing the Kosovo Police. This report highlights and analyzes women’s critical challenges in the Kosovo Police from the perspective of women police officers. Women’s issues are often not treated as a priority and do not receive the necessary attention. Through this report, we will examine the working environment for women in the Kosovo Police, the primary challenges they encounter, unaddressed issues that have not been taken seriously, policies that should promote gender diversity, and the impact and contribution of women within the the Kosovo Police. The report employs a qualitative methodology and relies on semi-structured interviews with experienced and high-ranking women in the Kosovo Police. These interviews have focused on gaining insights into the working environment, gender sensitivity within security institutions, and the primary challenges faced by women in the sector. Additionally, we have conducted seven focus groups with women in the Kosovo Police who do not hold high-ranking positions. The aim is to analyze and comprehend the dynamics and factors that hinder women’s advancement to higher ranks within the Kosovo Police. These focus groups were organized in Prizren, Prishtina, Mitrovica, Gjilan, Gjakova, Ferizaj, and Peje. Through these focus groups, we have collected comprehensive information about the working environment and gender integration within the Kosovo Police.
- Topic:
- Security, Women, Legislation, Police, Integration, and Gender
- Political Geography:
- Eastern Europe and Kosovo
15. Has Kosovo understood the Sexual Integrity of Women?
- Author:
- Blenda Asllani
- Publication Date:
- 09-2023
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Kosovar Centre for Security Studies (KCSS)
- Abstract:
- The sexual integrity of women means their right to own and have full control over their bodies without any form of violence or coercion. Kosovo, like many countries in the world, has faced significant challenges in ensuring and fully respecting the sexual integrity of women. One of the most frequent forms of violation of the sexual integrity of women is sexual violence: sexual harassment, sexual assault, and rape. According to the database of the QIKA organization, from 2019 to 2022, 257 women reported that they were sexually assaulted and another 231 reported sexual harassment to the Kosovo Police. Violation of sexual integrity in Kosovo has not excluded even minor girls, where we recall the case of the rape of an 11-year-old girl by a group of 5 adult men in August, 2022. The recent data from the Information System of the Kosovo Police is a sobering reminder of the gravity of this situation: from January to May 2023, there have been 42 committed and 4 attempted rape cases. As Kosovo progresses towards enhanced national development and global integration, addressing sexual violence becomes crucial not just for individual well-being, but also as a fundamental matter of human rights, gender equality, public safety, and social cohesion.
- Topic:
- Human Rights, Women, Sexual Violence, Police, and Gender
- Political Geography:
- Eastern Europe and Kosovo
16. Sustainable Development of Trust and Police Presence in Schools: Implications for School Safety Policy
- Author:
- Bojan Jankovic, Vladimir M. Cvetkovic, Zvonimir Ivanovic, Aleksandar Ivanov, Svetlana Jovanovic, and Bozidar Otasevic
- Publication Date:
- 12-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
- Institution:
- Institute for Research and European Studies (IRES)
- Abstract:
- The study aims to determine the trust and presence of police officers in schools in Serbia, as well as the perception of the principals and secretaries, teachers and staff, parents, and students on how successful the specific police units dedicated to schools were in fulfilling their tasks. The ex-post analysis was conducted through PEST/SWAT analysis, mapping the key actors and using batteries of online questionnaires, besides interviews with the MOI representatives, surveyed with personal interviewing, computer-aided surveying, desk analysis, and content analysis. The survey was conducted from September 2021 to June 2022. The research methods were implemented in 1140 schools in Serbia, and 8,617 people were included in surveys: police officers (308); principals and secretaries (1085); the team for protection against discrimination (982); teachers and staff (2988); parents (938) and students (2316). The relationships between the covariates and perception were investigated using the t-test, one-way ANOVA, multivariate linear regression, and binary regression. The results showed that a project of school police officers was not fully recognized as one of the strategically essential instruments for safe schools; trust is low, but presence is high. Besides that, the results suggest that the entire public believes that police are needed in schools and that it positively affects school safety. Regarding school safety policy, it is necessary to undertake three measures for the sustainable development of trust and the presence of police in school: regulatory, informative-educational, and institutional-organizational.
- Topic:
- Police, Trust, Schools, Public Safety, Perception, and Sustainable Development
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Eastern Europe, and Serbia
17. El control del cumplimiento en la Policía
- Author:
- Manuel Martín Fernández
- Publication Date:
- 12-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal on International Security Studies (RESI)
- Institution:
- International Security Studies Group (GESI) at the University of Granada
- Abstract:
- La actividad policial de hoy va más allá de la mera aplicación de las normas penales. El concepto de compliance implica tener bien definidos y normativizados los objetivos, misión y deontología que afecte a la organización de que se trate. La principal diferencia de la compliance respecto a otros sistemas como transparencia, asuntos internos, rendición de cuentas, y similares es que se establecen normativamente los compromisos asumidos frente a la sociedad, se asignan responsabilidades y se concretan las consecuencias del incumplimiento. En cualquier propuesta de compliance en la Policía, es fundamental el compromiso y la motivación de todos los integrantes de la organización. Los perfiles de cumplimiento son una estrategia de cumplimiento por fases o madurez. Como parte del perfil de cumplimiento, la declaración de aplicabilidad es el conjunto de medidas que son de aplicación para el cumplimiento.
- Topic:
- Law Enforcement, Police, Compliance, and Social Responsibility
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
18. Changing Trends and Challenges for the Police Legitimacy in the Horizon 2040
- Author:
- Jesús Requena
- Publication Date:
- 12-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal on International Security Studies (RESI)
- Institution:
- International Security Studies Group (GESI) at the University of Granada
- Abstract:
- En el horizonte de las próximas dos décadas, la policía va a tener que enfrentar importantes retos derivados de las tendencias de cambio que se están manifestando actualmente. Este artículo se centra en las que tendrán un impacto más directo en la legitimidad policial.
- Topic:
- Law Enforcement, Legitimacy, and Police
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
19. The Weight of History: Challenges for Police in the Governance of Cybercrime in Spain
- Author:
- Cristina Del Real
- Publication Date:
- 12-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal on International Security Studies (RESI)
- Institution:
- International Security Studies Group (GESI) at the University of Granada
- Abstract:
- El cibercrimen presenta diversos desafíos para la policía, incluyendo la complejidad y globalidad de las acciones criminales, la dificultad de rastrear el ciberespacio y la constante evolución de estas actividades delictivas. A través del marco conceptual de institucionalismo histórico y discursivo, este artículo explora los retos de la policía en la gobernanza del cibercrimen en España. El artículo destaca la importancia de situar la policía en el contexto del sistema de gobernanza de la ciberseguridad para comprender sus desafíos y adaptaciones. A través del análisis de 36 documentos clave, se argumenta que los orígenes y la evolución de las políticas de ciberseguridad se fundamentaron en narrativas centradas en la protección de la información y el incremento de la confianza de la sociedad en las tecnologías digitales, ambas narrativas alejadas del discurso centrado en la ciberdelincuencia. El estudio de caso en España enriquece la literatura sobre gobernanza de la ciberseguridad al explorar cómo la evolución histórica y las narrativas impactan en la posición de los actores involucrados en el sistema de gobernanza.
- Topic:
- Crime, Governance, Cybersecurity, Institutionalism, and Police
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Spain
20. Retos de la seguridad pública en España
- Author:
- Diego Torrente
- Publication Date:
- 12-2023
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal on International Security Studies (RESI)
- Institution:
- International Security Studies Group (GESI) at the University of Granada
- Abstract:
- El presente número de la Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional debate sobre los retos actuales de la seguridad pública en España. Lo hace desde el punto de vista de las amenazas, pero también de las instituciones y en particular de la Policía. Quizás la contribución principal del monográfico es que sus aportaciones, primero, miran al contexto europeo ofreciendo una perspectiva comparada y, segundo, se centran en algunos de los debates actuales importantes en la literatura policial y criminológica. Cada contribución la firman académicos reconocidos en su ámbito de saber. Se trata de una selección de seis artículos que parten de un retrato inicial sobre cómo es la cultura de la seguridad pública en Europa. Tras esta visión de fondo, siguen las contribuciones sobre los desafíos actuales que suponen tres tipos de delincuencia compleja: la criminalidad organizada de motivación económica, el terrorismo, y la ciberdelincuencia. Esas formas delictivas son determinantes en el futuro inmediato de la seguridad colectiva. El número culmina con dos aportaciones sobre las implicaciones que tienen éstos y otros retos para la legitimidad de la Policía y, sobre todo, la forma en que ésta responda a ellos. Finalmente, la última contribución analiza las implicaciones para la Policía desde la perspectiva de su responsabilidad social corporativa.
- Topic:
- Terrorism, Police, Organized Crime, and Public Safety
- Political Geography:
- Europe and Spain