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911. Diaspora groups and development in fragile situations: Lessons learnt

Author:
Nauja Kleist and Ida Vammen
Publication Date:
07-2012
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Danish Institute for International Studies
Abstract:
Migrants send remittances three times worth official development aid to developing countries, reaching an estimated 325 USD Billion in 2012. Transnational migrant and diaspora organizations support social service, infrastructural and reconstruction projects – such as schools and hospitals – in their erstwhile home regions. Finally diaspora professionals contribute to reconstruction and development processes through temporary or long-term return. How can donors partner with them and support their contributions?
Topic:
Development, Migration, Foreign Aid, Immigration, Infrastructure, and Fragile/Failed State
Political Geography:
Europe

912. La fabrique politique d’une frontière européenne en Méditerranée. Le « jeu du mistigri » entre les Etats et l’Union (The political fabric of a European frontier in the Mediterranean: The “jeu du mistigri” between the States and the European Union )

Author:
Evelyne Ritaine
Publication Date:
07-2012
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERI)
Abstract:
The political determination of the Mediterranean border of the European Union seen from the perspective of the Southern European countries (Spain, Italy, Greece, Malta) illustrates the symbolic and political importance for these nations of maintaining control of the border. It has a significant impact on the types of controls that are enacted and the interplay between national and European decisions. Placing this question on the agenda brings to light a Mediterranean perspective regarding the exterior borders of the European Union that is largely determined by the conditions of integration of the different countries into the Schengen area. This new border regime is the result of complex political games and is seen as a security issue. The actual set of controls seems to be less planned and legal-rational than simply erratic and the result of tensions between internal tactics, nation state strategies and attempts at bringing within the ring of EU.
Topic:
Security, Migration, European Union, Regulation, Borders, and State
Political Geography:
Greece, Balkans, Spain, North Africa, Italy, Western Europe, Mediterranean, European Union, and Malta

913. Population History and Identity in the Hidden Land of Pemakö

Author:
Kerstin Grothmann
Publication Date:
03-2012
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Journal of Bhutan Studies
Institution:
Centre for Bhutan & GNH Studies (CBS)
Abstract:
This study explores the history of migration by different Buddhist peoples from eastern Bhutan, the neighbouring Tawang area and the Tibetan plateau to the ‘hidden land’ (Tib. sbas yul) of Pemakö, and the circumstances that induced migrants to leave their homelands. The descendants of these diverse migrants who settled in the southern part of Pemakö - the Tuting, Geling and Singa Circles of Upper Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh - became officially classified as the Memba and Khamba1 ‘Scheduled Tribes’ (hereafter ST) by the Indian administration during the early 1950s, in order to incorporate them all into the newly independant Indian state. These ST categories were constructed on the basis of supposed common group origins and spoken language, and thus convey the impression that Upper Siang’s Buddhist population consists of two different groups, both of which are internally homogeneous. However, both written sources of the British and post-independence Indian administration and my own fieldwork data demonstrate clearly that Pemakö’s Buddhist population traces its origins back to a wide variety of homelands. Moreover, the ST labels are themselves exonyms that carry certain stereotypes and negative notions, especially the label Memba. Thus, both the Memba and Khampa labels meet with disapproval by local peoples so labeled. The present study retraces the various migration histories and movements of Pemakö ancestor populations. This allows some preliminary explanation of the autonyms used by these migrants themselves, in contrast to the generic exonyms, such as Memba and Khampa, that external agents have applied to them. We can also demonstrate that, in large part due to the religious status of the region as a hidden land, Pemakö became an ethno-linguistic melting pot for migrants from many different places. This diverse group nevertheless developed a common Buddhist identity vis-à-vis their nonBuddhist neighbours, while simultaneously maintaining clear group boundaries among themselves according to place of origin and/or residence.
Topic:
Migration, Population, and History
Political Geography:
South Asia, Tibet, and Bhutan

914. Full Issue

Author:
Mojúbàolú Olufúnké Okome
Publication Date:
12-2012
Content Type:
Journal Article
Journal:
Ìrìnkèrindò: A Journal of African Migration
Institution:
Ìrìnkèrindò: a Journal of African Migration
Abstract:
CONTENTS Editorial — Faith Wambura Ngunjiri……………………………………………………………1 Articles The Promise and Perils of Diaspora Partnerships: The Case of the U.S.-Based Liberian Diaspora — Osman Antwi-Boateng…………………………………………………………………………6 The Political Economy of Forced Economic Migration in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges in the New Millennium — Shambhavi V. Murthy Gopalkrishna and Samuel O. Oloruntoba……..41 Racial Differences in the Tempo of Assimilation for White and Black African-Born in the United States — Stephanie J. Nawyn……………………………………………………………………69 Poetry Ghosts of our Past, Echo our Future — Jackie Copeland-Carson…………………...………….91
Topic:
Migration, Political Economy, Race, Diaspora, Refugees, Assimilation, and Forced Migration
Political Geography:
Africa, Liberia, Nigeria, and United States of America

915. Coping with Destitution: Survival and livelihood strategies of refused asylum seekers living in the UK

Author:
Heaven Crawley, Joanne Hemmings, and Neil Price
Publication Date:
02-2011
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Oxfam Publishing
Abstract:
UK asylum policy has increasingly restricted asylum seekers' access to welfare support, both while their application is being processed and if they are refused. Over recent years, there have been growing concerns about the scale and impact of destitution among refused asylum seekers. It is estimated that 283,500 refused asylum seekers we re living in the UK in 2005, and this number seems likely to have increased (NAO 2005). Existing evidence suggests that many asylum seekers have been destitute for more than six months and a significant proportion for more than two years. This strongly indicates that refused asylum seekers are prepared to face long periods of destitution in the UK rather than returning to their country of origin.
Topic:
Human Rights, Migration, and Immigration
Political Geography:
United Kingdom

916. Open Doors 2010 Fast Facts

Publication Date:
01-2011
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Institute of International Education (IIE)
Abstract:
New international student enrollment – students enrolling for the first time at a U.S. institution in Fall 2009 – increased 1.3% over the previous year.
Topic:
Education, International Organization, and Migration
Political Geography:
United States

917. Climate Insecurities: Exploring the Strategic Implications for Asia-Pacific Armed Forces

Author:
Evan A. Laksmana
Publication Date:
04-2011
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
Abstract:
This paper seeks to explore and assess the implications of climate insecurities for the armed forces of the Asia-Pacific region, and in particular Southeast Asia. It identifies key issues and trends related to climate insecurities – in the areas of mass migration, diseases, natural disasters and the scarcity of water, food and other resources. It then details the implications for armed forces in the region with reference to the strategic, institutional and operational realms, and contends that climate change will become both a burden multiplier and a threat multiplier in the decades to come.
Topic:
Climate Change, Health, and Migration
Political Geography:
Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific

918. Is Internal Migration Bad for Receiving Urban Centres? Evidence from Brazil, 1995-2000

Author:
Céline Ferré*
Publication Date:
04-2011
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
United Nations University
Abstract:
During the twentieth century, internal migration and urbanization shaped Brazil's economic and social landscape. Cities grew tremendously, while immigration participated in the rapid urbanization process and the redistribution of poverty between rural and urban areas. In 1950, about a third of Brazil's population lived in cities; this figure grew to approximately 80 per cent by the end of the nineteenth century. The Brazilian population redistributed unevenly—some dynamic regions became population magnets, and some neighbourhoods within cities became gateway clusters in which the effects of immigration proved particularly salient. This study asks, has domestic migration to cities been part of a healthy process of economic transition and mobility for the country and its households? Or has it been a perverse trap?
Topic:
Demographics, Migration, and Immigration
Political Geography:
Uganda, Brazil, and Latin America

919. Beyond Aid: Migration as a Tool for Disaster Recovery

Author:
Michael Clemens and Kaci Farrell
Publication Date:
06-2011
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Center for Global Development (CGD)
Abstract:
Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes can devastate people's lives and a country's economy, particularly in the developing world. More than 200,000 people perished when a catastrophic earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010, and Americans responded with an outpouring of private and public assistance. Those relief efforts, as they nearly always do, focused primarily on delivering aid. The United States barely used another tool for disaster relief: migration policy. This policy brief explores the various legal channels through which the U.S. government could, after future overseas disasters, leverage the power of migration to help limited numbers of people. We describe what could have been done for Haiti, but the lessons apply to future scenarios.
Topic:
Humanitarian Aid, Migration, Natural Disasters, and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:
United States

920. Migration as a Tool for Disaster Recovery: A Case Study on U.S. Policy Options for Post-Earthquake Haiti

Author:
Royce Bernstein Murray and Sarah Petrin Williamson
Publication Date:
06-2011
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Center for Global Development (CGD)
Abstract:
After a natural catastrophe in a developing country, international migration can play a critical role in recovery. But the United States has no systematic means to leverage the power and cost-effectiveness of international migration in its post-disaster assistance portfolios. Victims of natural disasters do not qualify as refugees under U.S. or international law, and migration policy toward those fleeing disasters is set in a way that is haphazard and tightly constrained. This paper comprehensively explores the legal means by which this could change, allowing the government more flexibility to take advantage of migration policy as one inexpensive tool among many tools for post-disaster assistance. It explores both the potential for administrative actions under current law and the potential for small changes to current law. For concreteness, it focuses on the case of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, but its policy lessons apply to future disasters that are sadly certain to arrive. The paper neither discusses nor recommends "opening the gates" to all disaster victims, just as current U.S. refugee law does not open the gates to all victims of persecution, but rather seeks to identify those most in need of protection and provide a legal channel for entry and integration into American life.
Topic:
Humanitarian Aid, Migration, Natural Disasters, and Foreign Aid
Political Geography:
United States