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1352. From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation and Linkage
- Author:
- Gi-Wook Shin and Rennie Moon
- Publication Date:
- 01-2018
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center
- Abstract:
- The development community has increased its focus on higher education over the past two decades, recognizing that education can contribute to building up a country’s capacity for participation in an increasingly knowledge-based world economy and accelerate economic growth. The value added by higher education to economies—job creation, innovation, enhanced entrepreneurship, and research, a core higher education activity—has been highlighted by an important body of literature. Yet experts remain concerned that investing in higher education in less-developed countries may lead to a “brain drain”--highly educated students and professionals permanently leaving their home countries. In the 2016 Kauffman report on international science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students in the United States, for instance, 48 percent among a randomly sampled survey of 2,322 foreign doctoral students in the United States wished to stay there after graduation, with only 12 percent wanting to leave and 40.5 percent being undecided. In fact, high percentages of foreign students in the United States with doctorates in science and engineering continue to stay in the United States, creating a brain drain problem for the sending countries. Because students tend to move from developing to developed countries to study, brain drain is more problematic for developing countries. In addition, given accelerated talent flows around the world and the increasing integration of less-developed countries into global value chains, the negative impact of brain drain could be further amplified. As demonstrated by the studies reviewed in this paper, the migration of high-skilled professionals from developing countries may indeed create brain drain for them, but at the same time can significantly enhance the social and economic development of their home countries, regardless of whether or not they decide to return home, thus complicating what used to be seen as a straightforward case of brain drain. From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation and Linkage examines how brain drain can contribute to development for the sending countries through brain circulation and linkage. It provides an overview of the conceptual framework to map out high-skilled labor flows, identifies empirical cases and policies in Asia that demonstrate high-skilled migrant professionals actually make significant contributions to their home countries (beyond monetary remittances), summarizes key social and economic enabling factors that are important in attracting and motivating migrant high-skilled professionals to return or engage with their home countries, and concludes with policy implications and suggestions for further research based on these findings.
- Topic:
- Development, Education, Higher Education, and Socioeconomics
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
1353. Artificial Intelligence: The Algorithmic Revolution Driving the Next Industrial Transformation
- Author:
- Kenji E. Kushida
- Publication Date:
- 01-2018
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center
- Abstract:
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming one of the underlying drivers of the next wave of industrial transformations. There is every reason to believe that we are on the cusp of a sea change in how human activities and decision-making are transformed by abundant computing power. This research note will provide the basis for understanding the conceptual building blocks and paradigmatic examples of how the development of AI is accelerating, and how its deployment will be transformative.
- Topic:
- Industrial Policy, Science and Technology, Entrepreneurship, and Artificial Intelligence
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
1354. How Individuals’ Birth Weight and Later Risk Factors Interact to Determine Their Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Longitudinal Study in the Philippines
- Author:
- Marjorie Pajaron
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center
- Abstract:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which are disorders of the heart and blood vessels, are the world’s leading cause of death (WHO, 2016). The transition from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), primarily CVDs, as the primary cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide— combined with the economic burden associated with heart-related diseases—prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) and its regional offices to identify CVDs’ risk factors (WHO, 2016). This paper examines these risk factors with a focus on the fetal environment and its interaction with adult body mass index (BMI), using longitudinal data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS). Using a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate hazard ratios adjusted for age and risk factors in adulthood, such as cigarette smoking, the results suggest that there is a positive association between birth weight and heart disease. In addition, when birth weight is interacted with BMI, raised blood pressure is found to be higher among those who were bigger infants at birth and grew to be lighter adults, suggesting centile crossing. Probit models are also used for sensitivity analysis, and the results are consistent with those of the hazards model. Other factors such as adult obesity and a smoking habit are also positively associated with hypertension and CVD.
- Topic:
- Health, Medicine, Risk Factors, and Birthing
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
1355. Regulation: The Responsible Control of Drugs
- Author:
- Global Commission On Drug Policy
- Publication Date:
- 03-2018
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Global Commission On Drug Policy
- Abstract:
- This new report provides a practical roadmap that tackles the real implications and recognizes the difficulties of transitioning from illegal to legally regulated drug markets. It offers concrete answers regarding the organizational capacity of state institutions to regulate and control a legal market of potentially dangerous products. It highlights the challenges facing impoverished populations that constitute the “working class” of the illegal drug markets. It offers possible ways forward to deal with the risks inherent to the resilience of organized crime. Finally, this report calls for a reform of the prohibition-based international drug control system, which is compromising a universal and holistic approach to the “drug problem.”
- Topic:
- Crime, Health, War on Drugs, Drugs, and Public Health
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus
1356. GROOMING THE NEXT GENERATION OF FOREIGN POLICYMAKERS: Women, Peace and Security in Practice
- Publication Date:
- 04-2018
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Our Secure Future
- Abstract:
- The Problem: There is a need to groom the next generation of policymakers on the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. This is due to a rising demand in international affairs-related careers that require gender and WPS expertise, and the passage of the 2017 Women, Peace and Security Act which mandates enhanced professional training and education on Women, Peace and Security. However, trainings and educational programs on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) are created in silos such as academia, military, government, etc., and are often ad hoc. The Solution Strengthen the Women, Peace and Security community of educators and practitioners. Regular collaboration across sectors can help map the field, inventory strategies to professionalize the field, and encourage institutions to offer more training and educational programs on WPS on a regular basis. Key Takeaway from the Experts Policymakers, practitioners, and scholars identified a key first step: in order to professionalize the field, it is necessary to establish an agreed-upon set of “minimum core competencies” for Women, Peace and Security to groom the next generation of policymakers and leaders.
- Topic:
- Security, Foreign Policy, Gender Issues, Women, Peace, and WPS
- Political Geography:
- United States and Global Focus
1357. WOMEN, PEACE & SECURITY: BY THE NUMBERS
- Publication Date:
- 05-2018
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Our Secure Future
- Abstract:
- There is a growing body of evidence that shows us that women’s participation yields positive results. Whether in governance, in peace processes, or serving as peacekeepers, increasing the number of women at the table can reduce corruption, increase trust, and create sustainable peace.
- Topic:
- Security, Foreign Policy, Gender Issues, Women, Peace, and WPS
- Political Geography:
- United States and Global Focus
1358. WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE WOMEN, PEACE, AND SECURITY ACT of 2017
- Author:
- Sahana Dharmapuri, Jolynn Shoemaker, and Sarah Williamson
- Publication Date:
- 04-2018
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Our Secure Future
- Abstract:
- The Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 is a major milestone for US law. It recognizes that women are on the frontlines of international security challenges as powerful agents of change to create stability and peace. The law mandates women’s meaningful participation in international peace and security.
- Topic:
- Security, United Nations, Women, Peace, and WPS
- Political Geography:
- United States and Global Focus
1359. What Is the Status of Women’s Health and Health Care in the U.S. Compared to Ten Other Countries?
- Author:
- Sara R. Collins, Shanoor Seervai, Roosa Tikkanen, and Munira Z. Gunja
- Publication Date:
- 12-2018
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- The Commonwealth Fund
- Abstract:
- Women in the United States have long lagged behind their counterparts in other high-income countries in terms of access to health care and health status. This brief compares U.S. women’s health status, affordability of health plans, and ability to access and utilize care with women in 10 other high-income countries by using international data.
- Topic:
- Health, Health Care Policy, Women, and Reproductive Health
- Political Geography:
- United States and Global Focus
1360. Transitional Justice in Relationship to Public Sphere and Civil Society: Theoretical Approaches
- Author:
- Edyta Pietrzak
- Publication Date:
- 01-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Polish Political Science Yearbook
- Institution:
- Polish Political Science Association (PPSA)
- Abstract:
- The article presents the entitled fields in the framework of their mutual influence. The notion of the public sphere is valuable for understanding the role that civil society plays in transitional justice processes. However transitional justice often reduces the idea of civil society to NGOs and ignores the social movements and civil engagement in the public realm that can be perceived as integral to the creation of new cases for understanding justice in transition. This fact results in the lack of perception of the civil society place in transitional justice processes. Thus the presented paper is based on hermeneutics, critical discourse analysis and dialogue between various theoretical approaches.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Transitional Justice, Public Policy, and NGOs
- Political Geography:
- Global Focus