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471. A climate loss and damage fund that works

Author:
Melanie Pill and Georgia Hammersley
Publication Date:
09-2024
Content Type:
Policy Brief
Institution:
Lowy Institute for International Policy
Abstract:
The new Fund for responding to Loss and Damage should adopt a clear allocation mechanism based on recipient countries’ vulnerability, emission contributions, and climate change policies. Loss and Damage solutions are unlikely to result in clear financial returns, and the Fund should therefore focus on providing fast and efficient grant-based finance to the most vulnerable countries. Simplified procedures for countries and organisations to access financing and a flexible suite of implementation approaches are key. To raise more financial support, the Fund should explore the potential for engagement with philanthropies and encourage donor countries to adopt voluntary market mechanisms such as levies to raise additional funds.
Topic:
Climate Change, Climate Finance, and Loss and Damage (L&D)
Political Geography:
Global Focus

472. Practical Guide for Formulating Public Policies to Prevent Violence Against Women

Author:
Igarapé Institute
Publication Date:
07-2024
Content Type:
Special Report
Institution:
Igarapé Institute
Abstract:
Violence against women is a complex and devastating reality, manifesting in various forms, including physical, sexual, psychological, and economic abuse. Within this context, this guide presents programs and initiatives evaluated by renowned organizations such as the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JPAL), the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, and UN Women, highlighting approaches that have shown high effectiveness and efficiency in preventing violence against women. The goal is to use these practical experiences as a foundation for evidence-based public policy formulation to prevent violence against women. We begin by analyzing the risk and protective factors associated with violence against women. Using the “Pyramid of Gender-based Violence” by the Institute for Studies on State and Participation – Health as a framework, we explore the different forms in which these factors operate, from individual to structural. We also provide context for the legal landscape related to violence against women, emphasizing the role of the Maria da Penha Law as a regulatory milestone in Brazil. Based on examples of programs already implemented and evaluated worldwide, the guide underscores the importance of initiatives that promote women’s financial autonomy through access to employment opportunities, professional training, and entrepreneurship. It also emphasizes efforts to challenge gender stereotypes and foster relationships based on mutual respect and equal rights. The guide reaffirms the need for public policies focused on preventing intrafamilial and domestic violence, including strengthening the protection network for women with specialized support services and effective security measures. It suggests implementing educational and awareness programs on gender violence to transform environments where violence against women occurs, such as schools and homes. Additionally, it advocates for promoting safe and inclusive spaces. Finally, the guide highlights the importance of involving all sectors of society in implementing these policies, including the government, civil society, the private sector, and the community at large. Only through coordinated, long-term efforts can we create an environment where all women can live free from violence and with dignity.
Topic:
Development, Public Policy, Domestic Violence, Gender, Protection, and Violence Against Women (VAW)
Political Geography:
Global Focus

473. Generative Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Labor Markets in Developing Countries: A Review Essay

Author:
Guillermo Cruces, Verónica Amarante, and Estefanía Lotitto
Publication Date:
12-2024
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS)
Abstract:
The unprecedented developments in artificial intelligence technology and its recent widespread availability hold transformative potential to reshape global economic dynamics and labor markets, though opinions on its effects vary greatly. Transformative or not, the irruption of AI has sparked ample public discussion as well as the rapid development of theoretical and empirical approaches to understand it. This review essay discusses recent perspectives, theories, and empirical evidence on the matter, and adds a perspective of the implications of this technology and of the policy discussion it has sparked, from the perspective of developing countries’ economies. The latter is motivated by the relative scarcity of such perspectives in the current public debate, which seems to have minimized the potential effects on the interaction of labor markets between developing and developed countries, and on the potentially different within-country effects at different levels of development.
Topic:
Economic Development, Artificial Intelligence, Literature Review, Labor Market, and Work
Political Geography:
Global Focus

474. Design of Partial Population Experiments with an Application to Spillovers in Tax Compliance

Author:
Guillermo Cruces, Dario Tortarolo, and Gonzalo Vazquez-Bare
Publication Date:
12-2024
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS)
Abstract:
We develop a framework to analyze partial population experiments, a generalization of the cluster experimental design where clusters are assigned to different treatment intensities. Our framework allows for heterogeneity in cluster sizes and outcome distributions. We study the large-sample behavior of OLS estimators and cluster-robust variance estimators and show that (i) ignoring cluster heterogeneity may result in severely underpowered experiments and (ii) the cluster-robust variance estimator may be upward-biased when clusters are heterogeneous. We derive formulas for power, minimum detectable effects, and optimal cluster assignment probabilities. All our results apply to cluster experiments, a particular case of our framework. We set up a potential outcomes framework to interpret the OLS estimands as causal effects. We implement our methods in a large-scale experiment to estimate the direct and spillover effects of a communication campaign on property tax compliance. We find an increase in tax compliance among individuals directly targeted with our mailing, as well as compliance spillovers on untreated individuals in clusters with a high proportion of treated taxpayers.
Topic:
Tax Systems, Randomized Controlled Trials, Compliance, Spillovers, Cluster Experiments, and Two-Stage Designs
Political Geography:
Global Focus