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232. Economic Reforms, Democracy and Growth in Eastern Europe and Eurasia
- Author:
- Robyn Murphy, Ron Sprout, and Paul Pleva
- Publication Date:
- 11-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- United States Agency for International Development
- Abstract:
- This research analyses the interaction between economic reforms, reforms, and economic growth. One of the salient characteristics of the transition region has been two very distinct patterns between economic and democratic reforms: convergence of the two reform dimensions in the CEE countries and divergence Eurasia. Nevertheless, results from econometric tests (which attempt to control for possible intervening influences) suggest that economic and democratic reforms are mutually reinforcing throughout the region, even in Eurasia. We also found evidencthat: (1) economic reforms have a stronger impact on democratic reforms than the reverse; (2) economic reforms favorably affect economic growth; (3) democratic refavorably affect economic growth indirectly (via economic reforms) if not directly; and (4) while the feedback effects from economic growth to reforms are more ambiguous, there is some evidence that economic growth may actually stifle democratic reforms, and/or economic contraction may facilitate democratization.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Development, and Economics
- Political Geography:
- Eurasia and Eastern Europe
233. Demography and Health in Eastern Europe and Eurasia
- Author:
- Robyn Murphy, Ron Sprout, Ayo Heinegg, and James Pickett
- Publication Date:
- 06-2005
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- United States Agency for International Development
- Abstract:
- Eastern Europe and Eurasia is the only region worldwide experiencing a contraction in population, which stems from both a natural decrease in the population (i.e., crude death rates exceeding crude birth rates) and emigration. The highest crude death rates in the world are found among the transition countries; so too the lowest fertility rates. This study analyzes these trends and attempts to assess some of the underlying health factors behind them. The report also examines the evidence regarding migration patterns, both political aspects (including trends in refugees and internally displaced persons) and economic aspects (including remittances, urbanization, and brain drain.
- Topic:
- Demographics, Health, and Human Welfare
- Political Geography:
- Eurasia and Eastern Europe
234. Strategic Importance of Eurasia for Turkey's Export-Oriented Economy Policies
- Author:
- Mert Bilgin
- Publication Date:
- 09-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- It is almost impossible for Turkey to find a room in Eurasia based on its political meaning. However the more Eurasia is assigned an economic meaning, the more Turkey can benefit from its advantages. The necessity to ameliorate the terms of the energy agreements signed with Eurasian energy exporters and to increase exportations to these countries through strong brands fortified by the concept of TURQUALITY® are the two preconditions of this. By this positioning Turkey will better respond to the forthcoming pressures from; 1- High costs of energy and raw materials imported from Eurasian countries. 2- Full EU membership of East European countries, 3- Eurasian Customs Union, 4- Global price competition especially in the textile sector. Eurasia, which should be considered within this structure, does not indicate an alternative against Europe, but rather offers opportunities along which Turkey has the potency to position itself as a "Eurasian Tiger" if it manages to overcome these pressures.
- Topic:
- Economics
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Eurasia, and Turkey
235. Eurasian Alternative in Turkish Foreign Policy
- Author:
- Erel Tellal
- Publication Date:
- 03-2005
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- One of the constant fundamental principles of Turkish foreign policy during the republican era has been its “Western orientation”. In spite of this fact Turkey faced an “Eurasian alternative” in the last decade. Turkey, after negligence for 70 years, has tried to develop (to have friendly relations) with Central Asian and southern Caucasian states after they had acquired independence. The attempt of the last ten years can be called as failure of the last ten years. Since the State and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs remained ineffective in the process of determining policy and implementing it, this vacuum was filled by extreme nationalists who are inclined to see themselves as “big brother” and also by religious fundamentalists. Moreover, reasons stemming from the region and international environment played a role in the failure of Turkish policies as well. In the second decade Turkey should determine the related factors and head toward to cooperate with regional countries and Russia in order to become successful in the region.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy
- Political Geography:
- Russia, Europe, Central Asia, Eurasia, Turkey, and Asia
236. Classical Geopolitical Theories in International Relations and Their Contemporary Interpretations
- Author:
- Ismail Hakki Iscan
- Publication Date:
- 06-2004
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Institution:
- Uluslararasi Iliskiler
- Abstract:
- Geopolitics, which is the science of politics on geography, has throughout the history focused on geographical areas to be controlled or on geographical reasons for expansion of states. Those who aim to rule the world by controlling certain geographical areas have especially searched for ways of controlling Eurasia. In the core of geopolitical approaches that this paper deals with, is the aim of controlling the World through control of Eurasia first.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Energy Policy, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Eurasia, and Asia
237. Aleksandr Dugin's Foundations of Geopolitics
- Author:
- John B. Dunlop
- Publication Date:
- 08-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, Princeton University
- Abstract:
- One perceptive observer of the Russian political scene, Francoise Thom, noted as far back as 1994 that fascism, and especially its “Eurasianist” variant, was already at that time displacing Russian nationalism among statist Russian elites as a post-communist “Russian Idea,” especially in the foreign policy sphere. “The weakness of Russian nationalists,” she emphasized, “stems from their inability to clearly situate Russian frontiers. Euras[ianism] brings an ideological foundation for post-Soviet imperialism.”
- Topic:
- International Relations, Nationalism, and Politics
- Political Geography:
- Russia and Eurasia
238. Preventing New Afghanistans: A Regional Strategy for Reconstruction
- Author:
- Martha Brill Olcott
- Publication Date:
- 01-2002
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Abstract:
- Now is the time to learn the lessons of the past decade in Afghanistan: how it declined from a failing state into a cesspool drawing in Islamic malcontents from all over the world as well as those, like Osama bin Laden, who could bankroll them. If we fail to do so, our freedom may regularly be challenged by threats emerging from the heart of Eurasia, from Afghanistan itself, or from the neighboring states whose fates are being reshaped by their troublesome neighbor.
- Topic:
- Conflict Resolution, Democratization, and Development
- Political Geography:
- Afghanistan and Eurasia
239. Assessing U.S. Bilateral Security Alliances in the Asia Pacific's "Southern Rim": Why the San Francisco System Endures
- Author:
- William T. Tow
- Publication Date:
- 10-1999
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center
- Abstract:
- At the turn of the century, the United States' postwar alliance network remains a key component of its international security policy. That policy is fundamentally based on maintaining military superiority over current and potential rivals in the Eurasian landmass.
- Topic:
- Security
- Political Geography:
- United States, Eurasia, Asia, and San Francisco
240. Baltic Sea, America Eurasia: Vision and Action for the 21st Century
- Publication Date:
- 10-1998
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- EastWest Institute
- Abstract:
- Interdependence, both political and economic, between the different parts of the Baltic Sea region is growing. This means that there is a strong case for cooperative strategies rather than policies based on zero-sum thinking. The positive outcome of the Latvian referendum should be regarded as a crucial building element to promote this cooperation.
- Topic:
- International Relations and Government
- Political Geography:
- Russia, United States, America, Europe, Eurasia, Eastern Europe, and Maryland