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22. The Development of U.S.-China Trade and the Result of Conflict
- Author:
- Ma Tao
- Publication Date:
- 06-2018
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Abstract:
- The very success of globalization has flourished since World War II. The benefits of economic globalization are not evenly distributed among countries, especially among different groups within a country. Before the financial crisis in 2008, as the major promotors of globalization, developed countries intensified their internal contradictions. So populism, protectionism and isolationism are rising in many developed countries, which are the main features of anti-globalization. Brexit happened against the polls in 2016, in large part, because of the migrant crisis tipping the British towards protection of its borders. In the beginning of his presidency, Donald Trump declared to withdraw from TPP, build Mexican border wall, renegotiate NAFTA and so on. Trump’s protectionism policies may be gradually implemented in 2017. Going on like these, the tide of anti-globalization may be further strengthened in the future.
- Topic:
- Globalization, Bilateral Relations, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Wars, and Trade
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, North America, and United States of America
23. U.S.-China Trade Imbalance and the Results of Trade Conflict
- Author:
- Ma Tao
- Publication Date:
- 04-2018
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Abstract:
- The very success of globalization has flourished since World War II. The benefits of economic globalization are not evenly distributed among countries, especially among different groups within a country. Before the financial crisis in 2008, as the major promotors of globalization, developed countries intensified their internal contradictions. So populism, protectionism and isolationism are rising in many developed countries, which are the main features of anti-globalization. Brexit happened against the polls in 2016, in large part, because of the migrant crisis tipping the British towards protection of its borders. In the beginning of his presidency, Donald Trump declared to withdraw from TPP, build Mexican border wall, renegotiate NAFTA and so on. Trump’s protectionism policies may be gradually implemented in 2017. Going on like these, the tide of anti-globalization may be further strengthened in the future.
- Topic:
- Globalization, Economy, Trade, and Protectionism
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, United States of America, and North America
24. Chinese Economy under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping
- Author:
- Khalid Manzoor Butt and Sarah Sajid
- Publication Date:
- 01-2018
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Political Studies
- Institution:
- Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab
- Abstract:
- Economic development aims at building a healthy community which in turn strengthens institutions of a state. Economic Development can also be reflected through soft power, which is not only a diplomatic tool but also a booster for a state's economy. Chinese economic development is a synthesis of two ideologies: attributed to Mao Zedong and the other to Deng Xiaoping. Mao and Deng have contributed to Chinese economic development by initiating compatible economic policies in their respective eras. Their economic policies are influenced by Karl Marx and Adam Smith respectively. Mao, a staunch supporter of centralization of economy, opted for the theory of Marxism; ic level. On the other hand, Deng Xiaoping is associated with liberalizing of Chinese economy. The ideas of free trade and facilitation of foreign investors is the mainstay of Deng’s economic policy. In the process of liberalizing the Chinese economy, Deng initiated a paradigm shift from curtailed to liberal approach; he followed the footsteps of Adam Smith, the pioneer of free market economy. Privatization, establishment of exclusive economic zones, introduction of new flexible economic policies are the reforms introduced by Deng under the theory of free market economy. Hence, the modern China we see today is a product of the economic policies envisioned by these two great Chinese leaders. This descriptive research looks into the contribution and implication of these economic policies on the Chinese economic system.
- Topic:
- Development, Globalization, History, Famine, Economy, and Mao Zedong
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia
25. China’s Belt and Road Initiative Security Needs: The Evolution of Chinese Private Security Companies
- Author:
- Alessandro Arduino
- Publication Date:
- 08-2017
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies (NTS)
- Abstract:
- The unprecedented amount of Chinese funds funnelled into the Belt and Road Initiative and Beijing’s vision of global connectivity will face a harsh reality that encompasses a wide spectrum of threats. Chinese corporations have just started to acknowledge that the risks associated with outbound foreign direct investments carry higher failure rates due to intertwined factors such as economic crisis, conflict, civil unrest, nationalisation, and currency devaluation, to name a few. In several cases, the Chinese state-owned enterprises’ infrastructural projects add stress to the already unstable socio-political environments because of their size and speed of implementation. Understanding and managing this stress is a challenge that cannot be ignored if benefits of these projects are to be realised. The solution to political and criminal violence requests a broader participation that encompasses the insurance and private security sectors.
- Topic:
- Globalization, Nationalism, Conflict, Violence, and Private Sector
- Political Geography:
- China, Beijing, and Asia
26. Building Links between Latin America and Asia in an Uncertain World
- Author:
- Vivian Balakrishnan
- Publication Date:
- 04-2017
- Content Type:
- Commentary and Analysis
- Institution:
- Argentine Council for International Relations (CARI)
- Abstract:
- A talk on the links between governments of Asia and Latin America.
- Topic:
- Globalization, International Cooperation, International Trade and Finance, Partnerships, Alliance, and Economic Cooperation
- Political Geography:
- Asia and Latin America
27. The Future of Worldwide Income Distribution
- Author:
- Tomas Hellebrandt and Paolo Mauro
- Publication Date:
- 04-2015
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Peterson Institute for International Economics
- Abstract:
- Over the next two decades the structure of world population and income will undergo profound changes. Global income inequality is projected to decline further in 2035, largely owing to rapid economic growth in the emerging-market economies. The potential pool of consumers worldwide will expand significantly, with the largest net gains in the developing and emerging-market economies. The number of people earning between US$1,144 and US$3,252 per year in 2013 prices in purchasing power parity terms will increase by around 500 million, with the largest gains in Sub-Saharan Africa and India; those earning between US$3,252 and US$8,874 per year in 2013 prices will increase by almost 1 billion, with the largest gains in India and Sub-Saharan Africa; and those earning more than US$8,874 per year will increase by 1.2 billion, with the largest gains in China and the advanced economies.
- Topic:
- Economics, Emerging Markets, Globalization, and Labor Issues
- Political Geography:
- Africa and Asia
28. Gregory Shaffer (ed.). Transnational Legal Ordering and State Change , Terence C. Halliday, Gregory Shaffer (eds). Transnational Legal Orders
- Author:
- Lars Viellechner
- Publication Date:
- 07-2015
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Abstract:
- The two collections fill a major gap in law and globalization scholarship. In rich detail, they supply empirical material on the current transformation of law that has long been sought after. The studies in the first volume stand out in particular as they employ methods of empirical social research and focus on change in non-Western countries. From this material, other researchers will greatly benefit in the years to come. At the same time, the two volumes add a highly convincing conceptual approach to the field. Indeed, their guiding category of the transnational is very promising in contrast to many others proposed for similar purposes. As the editors properly assert, it best expresses that most patterns of order neither reach out globally nor circumvent the state. Indeed, the recursive interaction of different levels of order appears to be one of the dominating modes of law production today, which is well captured by the term. Nevertheless, some obscurity and doubt about the conceptions of transnational legal ordering and order remain.
- Topic:
- Globalization, International Law, Sociology, and Legal Theory
- Political Geography:
- Europe, Asia, and North America
29. When the Hong Kong Dream Meets the Anti-Mainlandisation Discourse: Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kon
- Author:
- Cora Lingling Xu
- Publication Date:
- 09-2015
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- German Institute of Global and Area Studies
- Abstract:
- This article looks at identity constructions of mainland Chinese undergraduate students in a Hong Kong university. These students shared a “Hong Kong Dream” characterised by a desire for change in individual outlooks, a yearning for international exposure, and rich imaginations about Hong Kong and beyond. However, when their Hong Kong Dream met Hong Kong’s “anti-mainlandisa- tion discourse,” as was partially, yet acutely, reflected in the recent Occupy Central movement, most students constructed the simultan- eous identities of a “free” self that was spatially mobile and ideologi- cally unconfined and an “elite” self that was among the winners of global competition. This article argues that the identity constructions of these mainland Chinese students shed light on global student mo- bilisation and provide a unique, insider’s perspective into the integra- tion process between Hong Kong and the rest of the People’s Re- public of China.
- Topic:
- Education, Globalization, Domestic politics, and Students
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, and Hong Kong
30. The Temporal Experience of Chinese Students Abroad and the Present Human Condition
- Author:
- Anders Sybrandt Hansen
- Publication Date:
- 09-2015
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Institution:
- German Institute of Global and Area Studies
- Abstract:
- This article examines the experiences of Chinese elite uni- versity students abroad through the lens of temporality. In the strug- gle to get ahead, elite students are expected to carefully deploy their time. Studying abroad, it is argued, has become one more step in a culturally idealised temporal arrangement of how one is expected to go about advancing. The downside to this ethics of striving is shown to be a pervasive sense of restlessness ( , fuzao). The article shows how relocating to a different life environment allowed a group of elite students to respond to their temporal predicament in existentially creative ways that registered socially as personal maturation. It is argued that these responses were set in motion by the students’ in- habiting an expanse of not-yet-purposeful time. Treating the tem- poral experience of Chinese elite students as a pronounced inflection of an increasingly global temporal mode of striving, the article en- quires into the temporality of the present human condition.
- Topic:
- Education, Globalization, Ethics, and Students
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, and Global Focus