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302. Countering Chinese Cyber Operations: Opportunities and Challenges for U.S. Interests
- Author:
- Mark Stokes and L. C. Russell Hsiao
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- Chinese cyber espionage poses an advanced persistent threat to U.S. national and economic security. Groups operating from PRC territory are believed to be waging a coordinated cyber espionage campaign targeting U.S. government, industrial, and think tank computer networks. A dozen of these groups have been identified and linked with the PLA, and others connected with universities and information security enterprises. The largest and most active of these groups may operate from Beijing and Shanghai.
- Topic:
- Government, Cybersecurity, Economy, and Espionage
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, and United States of America
303. Chinese Direct Investment in California
- Author:
- Daniel H. Rosen and Thilo Hanemann
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Asia Society
- Abstract:
- A new report entitled Chinese Direct Investment in California published by the Asia Society finds that California has attracted more Chinese investment deals than any other U.S. state but remains fifth in the nation in total investment value. Negligible before 2008, Chinese investment in the state is growing at triple-digit levels and could reach $60 billion by 2020, but only if the state and private sector do a better job working together to attract Chinese capital. The report is co-authored by Daniel H. Rosen and Thilo Hanemann of the Rhodium Group and builds on a 2011 Asia Society study, entitled An American Open Door?: Maximizing the Benefits of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment, which looked more broadly at Chinese investment into the U.S. The new report is the most comprehensive study to date of Chinese investment in the Golden State and in the U.S. overall. It finds that the potential gains for California and China are enormous but that success is far from guaranteed. U.S.-China relations remain tense and protectionism is a serious threat. At the state level, California has had a mixed record of promoting its economic strengths. The report urges policy and business leaders in the state to do better to out-compete other states, and nations, that seek to increase their own shares of the Chinese outbound investment surge. Four decades ago, Japanese direct investment in the U.S. was at a similar stage. Now, it totals some $300 billion, employs 700,000 Americans, and undergirds a strong, stable U.S.-Japan relationship. Investment and trade between the U.S. and China show even greater promise today. Compared to the rest of the U.S., the report finds that Chinese investment in California is disproportionately from private rather than state-owned enterprises, greenfield rather than M&As, and strongest in high-tech and high-value services — areas that the Chinese government and private sector have targeted for accelerated growth. Of the $1.3 billion in Chinese investment in the state since 2000, Southern California leads the state in investment with 69 deals totaling $618 million. The San Francisco Bay Area and Silicon Valley/South Bay regions are the second and third most attractive regions for Chinese investors.
- Topic:
- Foreign Direct Investment, Economy, Business, and Trade
- Political Geography:
- China, Asia, California, North America, and United States of America
304. ASEAN in the Global Economy- An Enhanced Economic and Political Role
- Author:
- Anita Prakash and Ikumo Isono
- Publication Date:
- 01-2012
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
- Abstract:
- Established in 1967, ASEAN has travelled a long way from a group of five nations to a thriving and leading group of ten countries. Based on the progress in the implementation of the blueprints for building the ASEAN community by 2015, there is an enhanced role for the ASEAN in dealing with regional and global challenges. It is emerging as a services hub in the region and is the chosen destination for investments. At the end of Indonesia's chairmanship of ASEAN, which had set the theme 'ASEAN in a global community of nations', it is imperative to take a stock of the readiness of the region if it is well on its way to step into a truly global role in the near future, especially by its goal of becoming one community by 2015. With its strategic location, abundant natural resources, quality human resources and growing economies, ASEAN has engaged economically, by way of trade and investments, with all the large economies of the world. It has also gained strategic weight and drawn the attention of global players, both economically and politically. Its global engagement is best exemplified by the fact that 55 countries across the globe have appointed their envoys to the regional grouping and this number is growing. Sitting in the midst of giant economies like Japan, China and India, and with active economic relations with USA and the EU, ASEAN is now seeking its due share in the global economy and politics. This Policy Brief looks into the current global profile of ASEAN and brings out policy recommendations that would help ASEAN in finding its appropriate role in the global politics and economy.
- Topic:
- Diplomacy, International Cooperation, International Trade and Finance, Hegemony, and Economy
- Political Geography:
- Asia and Southeast Asia
305. Asia’s Electric Grid: The Future of Nuclear Power in the Region’s Energy Mix
- Author:
- Isabella Mroczkowski
- Publication Date:
- 10-2011
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- The confluence of a growing economy and increasing standard of living are causing energy demands to increase throughout Asia. Accordingly, Asia is projected to have the world’s highest growth in nuclear power through 2035. In the aftermath of the Fukushima-Daiichi disaster there has been a great deal of uncertainty in the outlook for nuclear energy and by extension the future energy-mix of the region.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy, Nuclear Power, Economy, and Electricity
- Political Geography:
- Japan and Asia
306. China and Pakistan: Emerging Strains in the Entente Cordiale
- Author:
- Isaac B. Kardon
- Publication Date:
- 03-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Project 2049 Institute
- Abstract:
- Despite perceptions in Washington and New Delhi that China enjoys unique privileges and exercises inordinate influence in Pakistan, Beijing has shown little inclination to directly shape Pakistani behavior. As China’s global portfolio of economic and security interests expands, it is increasingly sensitive to new opportunity costs entailed in sustaining the Sino-Pakistani partnership.
- Topic:
- International Relations, Security, Partnerships, and Economy
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan, China, South Asia, and Asia
307. The Economic Consequences of Shifting Away From Nuclear Energy
- Author:
- Ken Itakura
- Publication Date:
- 12-2011
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
- Abstract:
- In the aftermath of the devastating nuclear fallout in Japan, there has been a harsh debate surrounding the role of nuclear energy in electricity generation. A changing role will have economic consequences on production, consumption, and international trade. To quantity these effects, we implemented simulations with a global CGE model and database. The simulation results show that reductions in the use of nuclear for electric power generation may have profound negative impacts on the Japanese economy. A nuclear accident at the Fukushima power plant changed the future direction of Japanese energy policy as well as Asian energy policy. These policies are integrated via technological, financial, and nuclear energy knowledge sharing activities within the region. The main objective of this policy brief is to shed some light on the following question: what would be the economic consequences of altering the source of power generation from nuclear to fossil fuels? This Japanese case study offers policy implications for both Japan and the region as a whole.
- Topic:
- Economics, Energy Policy, International Trade and Finance, Economy, and Nuclear Energy
- Political Geography:
- Japan and Asia
308. Is Promoting Foreign Direct Investment Worthwhile? Learning from the East Asian Experience
- Author:
- Dionisius Narjoko
- Publication Date:
- 11-2009
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
- Abstract:
- East Asia presents a new model of industrialization that aggressively utilizes the dynamics of multinational corporations (MNCs). The model puts networks of production into practice, and such networks improve domestic capability and contribution to national output. Promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) is therefore warranted to ensure the sustainability of the production-network model. For this reason, FDI should always be promoted even when demand is less supportive, such as at this moment during the current global economic crisis.
- Topic:
- Foreign Direct Investment, Economy, Manufacturing, Industrialization, and Sustainability
- Political Geography:
- East Asia and Asia
309. The Iranian Intentions behind Joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
- Author:
- Michael Bell and Mahjoob Zweiri
- Publication Date:
- 04-2008
- Content Type:
- Policy Brief
- Institution:
- Center for Strategic Studies (CSS)
- Abstract:
- China welcomed Iran’s desire to strengthen cooperation in all spheres with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) following its official application in April 2007 to become a full member. With the SCO currently growing into strategic alliance between several of the worlds leading energy producers and two of its most hungry consumers; the United States saw an opportunity to establish itself in the region and therefore lobbied for observer status in 2005, however the request was denied. Since then, we have seen the SCO assume an ideological mantle of growing anti-Americanism. Committed to establishing a new international political and economic order, the association of East Asian states known as the SCO was founded as an intergovernmental organization in Shanghai on15th June, 2001. Its six founding countries; China, Russia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, with Iran, Mongolia and Pakistan holding roles as country observers, have asppired to mitigate the influence of US power in the region, therefore Iran’s application for full membbership has crucial, and possibly underlying aspects to its reasoning. Therefore we would like to present some information about the SCO to specifically present the benefits Iran would gain by full membership.
- Topic:
- Energy Policy, International Cooperation, Economy, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
- Political Geography:
- China, Iran, Middle East, Asia, and United States of America
310. China's Challenge to the West in the 21st Century
- Author:
- Kees van der Pijl
- Publication Date:
- 04-2008
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre for Global Political Economy, University of Sussex
- Abstract:
- What follows is based on Global Rivalries: from the Cold War to Iraq. In that book and elsewhere I have developed the theory that the global political economy for several centuries now has been characterised by an evolving core structure juxtaposing an expanding, English-speaking 'West' to a succession of contender states-beginning with France in the late 17th and the 18th centuries; Germany, Japan, and Italy and Austria-Hungary from the late 19th; followed by the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, a Third World Coalition rallied behind a tentative New International Economic Order seeking to impose a state-led world economy on global liberalism through the UN (Krasner 1985). Today, China would be the main contender state challenging Western hegemony.
- Topic:
- History, Geopolitics, Economy, and Global Political Economy
- Political Geography:
- China and Asia