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12. Iraq's News Media After Saddam: Liberation, Repression, and Future Prospects
- Author:
- Sherry Ricchiardi
- Publication Date:
- 03-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- After the ouster of Saddam Hussein in April 2003, Iraq's tightly controlled state-run media underwent a transformation on two fronts: one driven by the Americans who made establishing a free press a priority; the other by an Iraqi citizenry that for three decades had been cut off from the free marketplace of ideas under a tyrannical regime.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Democratization, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- Iraq, America, Middle East, and Arabia
13. Confronting the News: The State of Independent Media in Latin America
- Author:
- Douglas Farah
- Publication Date:
- 06-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Freedom of expression and of the press in much of Latin America are under sustained attack by numerous authoritarian governments in the region, as well as non-state armed actors such as drug trafficking organizations and paramilitary groups. These attacks have made Latin America one of the most dangerous places in the world in which to be a journalist. Overall, the region, with the exception of the Caribbean, has suffered an almost uninterrupted deterioration of press freedoms over the past five years, reaching its lowest point since the military dictatorships of the 1980s.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Democratization, Mass Media, and Governance
- Political Geography:
- Latin America and Caribbean
14. Media Codes of Ethics: The Difficulty of Defining Standards
- Author:
- Eugene L. Meyer
- Publication Date:
- 11-2011
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Codes of ethics for journalists have long been established and widespread in Western democracies. In such countries, they are universally voluntary, often issued and adopted by leading organizations of journalists. They incorporate best practices that may go beyond the laws of libel, defamation, and privacy.
- Topic:
- Corruption, Democratization, Government, Mass Media, and Sociology
15. Covering Corruption: The Difficulties of Trying to Make a Difference
- Author:
- Rosemary Armao
- Publication Date:
- 07-2010
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- It is often taken for granted that a free press shining a light on wrongdoing is the way to ntrol corruption. The World Bank, with an eye to the economic potential of honest government, promotes this, as do United Nations agencies and the U.S. and European governments, which spend millions of dollars to develop media with corruption-fighting power. And brave journalists have endured threats and attacks and have even died reporting about corruption. In June and July of 2010 alone, three Philippino and a Greek journalist-working in different media and on different topics, but all exposing corruption-were gunned down. Covering corruption is more dangerous than covering war.
- Topic:
- Corruption, Democratization, Development, Mass Media, and Foreign Aid
- Political Geography:
- United States and Europe
16. Evaluating the Evaluators: Media Freedom Indexes and What They Measure
- Author:
- John Burgess
- Publication Date:
- 08-2010
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- All over the world, studies that rank countries by media freedom figure prominently in civil liberties debates, aid programming, foreign policy decisions, and academic research. The three most widely cited indexes—compiled by Freedom House, the International Research Exchanges Board (IREX), and Reporters Without Borders (RSF in its French initials)—often become media events in their own right on release day, written about by local newspapers and Web sites and analyzed on television and radio. In view of the breadth and depth of their impact, academics have been studying the quality of the social science that underlies these and other studies. Some academics claim deficiencies in such issues as methodology, cultural neutrality, and focus on “old media.” Yet many go on to conclude that whatever the shortcomings, the studies produce basically consistent findings over time and are credible, useful tools for tracking the evolution of media freedom in the countries of the world. They serve to highlight the crucial role of a free press in democracy and good governance.
- Topic:
- Civil Society, Democratization, International Affairs, and Mass Media
- Political Geography:
- France
17. Registering Reporters: How Licensing of Journalists Threatens Independent Media
- Author:
- Steven Strasser
- Publication Date:
- 11-2010
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- How should a society choose those who can be entrusted with the power of the news media? For a time after World War II, many developing countries emerging from colonialism thought they had the answer: Governments should license journalists to support the crucial work of forging modern national identities. In a world of violently competing political ideas, these governments carefully vetted those who would follow the correct line. Freedom of the press was considered an unaffordable luxury. New countries attempting to find stability inside and outside of their borders needed a press that promoted patriotism, unity, and strong government.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Third World, and Mass Media
18. Challenges to U.S. Government Support for Media Development
- Author:
- Andrew Green
- Publication Date:
- 06-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Media play a pivotal role in U.S. foreign policy, but the two U.S. government bodies most directly involved in media development assistance—the State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (DRL) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)—face significant resource shortfalls in this area. This weakness has a direct impact on the U.S. government's ability to support media development around the world. Several units within the State Department are engaged with media efforts. Those that work in media development usually do so in cooperation with or through USAID and its media experts.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Democratization, Mass Media, and Foreign Aid
- Political Geography:
- United States
19. Print and Broadcast Media Freedom: Disparities and Openings
- Author:
- Karin Deutsch Karlekar
- Publication Date:
- 09-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Broadcast media have long been subject to greater government control than print media-from outright restrictions on private ownership to licensing and other regulations that maintain state control or influence content. Using historical data from Freedom House's Freedom of the Press index, which has been conducted since 1980, this report assesses regional trends regarding differing levels of print and broadcast media freedom. While an initial set of data covering 1980-88 shows a clear pattern of print media ranked as freer than broadcast media in every country studied, a later data set covering 1994-2001 shows that while print media outlets faced fewer direct government controls, they were targeted more often by governments in terms of legal harassment and physical attacks on journalists and their facilities.
- Topic:
- Democratization, Government, Mass Media, and Foreign Aid
20. Throwing the Switch: Challenges in the Conversion to Digital Broadcasting
- Author:
- John Burgess
- Publication Date:
- 11-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- National Endowment for Democracy
- Abstract:
- Broadcast television has begun the most important technological shift since its birth in the 1920s. The analog designs that from the start underlay “terrestrial” TV—over-the-air broadcasts from transmitter towers, the medium's traditional form—are giving way to the digital technology of computers. The shift has the potential to greatly expand the diversity of voices on the airwaves because digital stations, by making efficient use of the increasingly crowded airwaves, can broadcast multiple new channels. With broadcasting highly centralized in many countries today, notes Patricio Navia, a professor of global studies at New York University, “digital television might provide the opportunity to open the market to competition.”1 Digital technology can also send programming to the tiny screens of cellphones and bring interactive services to areas that have no Internet connections.
- Topic:
- Democratization and Mass Media
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