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92. An Analysis of Sexual Assault in the U.S. Military, 2004-2009
- Author:
- Dr. Adam Lankford
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- The history of warfare is marked by national armed forces, paramilitary fighters, and rebels across various eras and cultures who have committed sexual assault with impunity. Social norms have changed dramatically since ancient times, but it can be shocking to realize that even some well respected leaders of the past once approved of such crimes. For instance, Moses apparently gave orders to his warriors to “kill every male among them, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him. But all the women that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.”1 This may not have been an overt sanction of sexual assault, but it certainly implies that the enemy's virgins should be kept as sexual companions. Furthermore, as Susan Brownmiller describes, “Among the ancient Greeks, rape was socially acceptable behavior well within the rules of warfare, an act without stigma for warriors who viewed the women they conquered as legitimate booty, useful as wives, concubines, slave labor or battle-camp trophy.”2 Joshua S. Goldstein similarly points out that “The most common pattern in warfare in the ancient Middle East and Greece was to literally feminize a conquered population by executing the male captives, raping the women, then taking women and children as slaves. The pattern…recurs even today.”3 In the last century, sexual assault has accompanied armed conflicts in countries all around the world, including Bosnia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Rwanda, and Sudan.
- Political Geography:
- Russia, China, Sudan, Bosnia, Middle East, France, Germany, Italy, and Rwanda
93. The Perception of the Legitmation of Violence: African Example
- Author:
- Dickson Ogbonnaya Igwe
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- For a concept that is so widely used, 'power' is surprisingly elusive and difficult to measure. Power is a contested concept. No one definition is accepted by all, who use the word and people's choice of definition, reflects their interests and values. Some define power as the ability to make or resist change. Others say it is the ability to get what we want. But central to the considerations in this paper are the issues of definitions or faces of power and power in foreign policy to ensure national security. In international relations, foreign policy is expected to guarantee state sovereignty and security.
- Topic:
- Security and Foreign Policy
94. Nobody Knows Anything: Canada's Cyber Insecurities
- Author:
- John Ferris
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- This special issue of The Journal of Military and Strategic Studies stems from papers presented to the conference, “Nobody Knows Anything: Canada's Cyber Insecurities”, held in Calgary during May 2012. The conference focused on Canada, but tackled problems, solutions, conditions and dilemmas which are international. It was hosted by The Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute; The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies and The School of Public Policy, at The University of Calgary; and The Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. The organising committee was Cam Ross, Major-General ( retired) and Dr. Jack Mintz, of The School for Public Policy; Dr Jörg Denzinger, from The Department of Computer Science, The University of Calgary; and Dr. David Bercuson, Dr. John Ferris and Nancy Pearson Mackie, from The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. A list of the speakers is attached in Appendix A.
- Political Geography:
- Canada
95. Wild, Unsubstantiated Predictions: The Future of Computer and Network Security
- Author:
- John Aycock
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- To predict the future is to join the ranks of august company indeed: the Oracle of Delphi, John the Baptist, Shakespeare's Witches. It is also to entertain the very real possibility of being grievously, staggeringly wrong, although King Duncan may beg to differ. Undertaking such a task in a rapidly-changing area like computing technology is surely the epitome of foolishness, yet predicting the future in this area is precisely what this paper sets out to do. As this is a matter of sheer -- albeit somewhat informed -- speculation on my part, I will dispense with the traditional “academic we” throughout.
96. The Government of Canada and Cyber Security: Security Begins at Home
- Author:
- John Adams
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- Computers and information systems have become a fundamental part of Canadian life. Life, commerce and statecraft have gone digital. The associated information technology underpins nearly all aspects of today's society. They enable much of our commercial and industrial activity, support our military and national security operations and are essential to everyday social activities.
- Topic:
- Security
97. Shattered Boundaries: Whither the Cyber Future
- Author:
- Harvey Rishikof and Bernard Horowitz
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- Under strain exerted by the internet boom of the early 2000's, the legal framework of boundaries applied to commerce, communications, law enforcement and even some aspects of armed conflict began to groan and fracture. Obsolescence was temporarily postponed by buttressing; one key reform of the USA PATRIOT Act was that it characterized internet service companies as communications providers. Police access to voicemail was directed through wiretap warrants rather than physical searches. Old communications-related statutes were adapted and “duct-taped.” Over the past couple of years, however, these fractures have grown to such magnitude that the old framework may no longer be adjusted to keep pace; it finally may be shattering.
- Topic:
- Communications
- Political Geography:
- United States
98. State of the Art: Attackers and Targets in Cyberspace
- Author:
- John B. Sheldon
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- The remit of this article is broad, and so the themes explored here are necessarily broad-brush and are viewed from a strategic and policy perspective. The subject under consideration is that of cyber threats–what is it that we confront, and what dangers do they plausibly pose? Anyone even remotely familiar with the topic will know that cyber threats regularly receive extensive media coverage of varying quality, and are increasingly on the agenda of senior policy makers, military commanders, chief executive officers, and political leaders. More recently, cyber threats are becoming more well-known to members of the general public, whose lives are increasingly mediated through and dependent upon cyberspace in some form or another. The specter of criminality, such as theft of financial resources and personal identifying information, stalking, and the unwitting suborning of personal property (computers harnessed by botnets) for other criminal enterprises, is finally receiving the attention it deserves.
99. A Middle Power on the World Stage: Canadian Grand Strategy in the Twentieth Century
- Author:
- Michael S. Neiberg
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for coming. Before I say another word, I'd like to thank David Bercuson for this great honor to be here today and Nancy Pearson Mackey for all the hard work that she has done to help me get here. I'd like to begin with three quick caveats. The first, as I reminded David when he invited me to give this lecture, is that I am not an historian of Canada. David seemed to think that my lack of formal training in this field would not pose an insurmountable obstacle to my delivering such a distinguished lecture in Canadian history, and I am putting my faith and trust in him that this is in fact so. It is not my intention here today to tell Canadians anything about their own history that they do not know. It is instead to perform the task David has given me: to place the history of Canada at war in the 20th century into a wider context and to train an outsider's eye onto the problems of Canada and its approach to war and strategy.
- Political Geography:
- Canada
100. Military Adaptation in War: With Fear of Change.
- Author:
- Rachael Bryson
- Publication Date:
- 10-2012
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Journal of Military and Strategic Studies
- Institution:
- Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies
- Abstract:
- In Military Adaptation in War: With Fear of Change Williamson Murray differentiates between innovation and adaptation. Innovation, the focus of a previous book (with Allan R. Millett, 1998), includes peacetime advancements and learning. In contrast, adaptation is comprised of wartime changes and battlefield lessons. Murray argues that militaries able to adapt to battle conditions have a higher probability of ending the conflict as the victor. He expands on this point, writing that the United States has demonstrated a lack of adaptability in recent conflicts, and therefore the purpose of this study is to glean lessons about adaptability that may be applied to the US military.
- Topic:
- War
- Political Geography:
- United States