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61. Marché, bureaucratie, formes de la domination politique: Une économie politique weberienne

Author:
François Bafoil
Publication Date:
04-2010
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
From a broad perspective, political economy analyses economic and political exchanges proper to some social groups, embedded in particular historical periods. The great innovation of Max Weber's analysis is to highlight the intersubjective orientations that support these exchanges and characterize a particular period of history. This study firstly compares different features between free market economy and the soviet-type economy. Secondly, it measures their difference in accordance to the "ideal type" of "market", bureaucracy" and "forms of domination". Finally, it insists on the particular "hybrid" figures of "charisma" and "patrimonial bureaucracy".
Topic:
Economics, Markets, Political Economy, and Political Theory
Political Geography:
Russia and Europe

62. La langue amère des temps nouveaux : dynamique de la violence au Rwanda rural

Author:
Emmanuel Viret
Publication Date:
08-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
Dealing with the dynamics of rural violence under the multi-party transition (1991-1994), this paper suggests new points of view on the mobilization of Rwandan peasantry during the genocide (1994). Going through local archives and interviews held in the hills and in four prisons of the country, the analysis focuses on the increasing development of an economy of violence. The multi-party system incited competing rural elites to recruit a growing number of men and ruffians against other contenders in order to assure their access to power. Local elites (re)formed patron-client links previously dried by the spreading of money and wage incomes in the countryside. Particular attention is paid to the dimension of political entrepreneurship and to the relationship between social brokers and rural elites, in the course of the struggle between political parties as well as during the building of the Power coalitions which led the massacres locally.
Topic:
Political Violence, Democratization, Economics, and Genocide
Political Geography:
Africa

63. Le parcours du combattant : une approche biographique des militant(e)s sikh(e)s du Khalistan

Author:
Laurent Gayer
Publication Date:
05-2009
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
Between 1984 and 1995, the Indian Punjab was the theatre for a separatist insurrectional movement led by Sikh irregular armed groups. Most Sikh militants who picked up the gun against the Indian state were male, but a handful of women also took part in this armed struggle, which also enjoyed some support from Pakistan. Rather than the motivations of the fighters, it is their individual trajectories that are explored here. Following a critical biographical approach, paying attention to the silences of the actors and to the distorting effects of their ex-post testimonies, this paper aims at unraveling the familial genealogies of these militant careers, before identifying their successive sequences. Through this exercise, it is possible to shed light on individual dispositions towards engagement. However, this preliminary exercise must be followed up by an in-depth study of the conditions of actualization of these dispositions into a sustained form of commitment. Therefore, this paper focuses on the modalities of recruitment into clandestine organizations, before turning to the practical and psychological dilemmas induced by the return of these combatants to civilian life, which remain understudied. By introducing gender into the scope of the study, this paper also aims at assessing the variations between masculine and feminine ways of being and having been in clandestinity.
Topic:
Armed Struggle, Insurgency, and Sectarian violence
Political Geography:
South Asia, India, and Punjab

64. Le concept de situation thermidorienne : régimes néo-révolutionnaires et libéralisation économique

Author:
Jean-François Bayart
Publication Date:
03-2008
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
Dans la lignée des concepts de « situation autoritaire » (Guy Hermet) et de « situation coloniale » (Georges Balandier), celui de « situation thermidorienne » rend compte des expériences historiques des régimes postrévolutionnaires et de leur libéralisation économique dans le contexte de la globalisation néo-libérale. Développé à partir du cas du Cambodge, le paradigme thermidorien comparatif permet d'interpréter dans des termes autres que ceux, normatifs et téléologiques, de la « transitologie » les processus de libéralisation économique et politique des Etats néo-communistes, et la consolidation de leur élite révolutionnaire en classe dominante. Mais la compréhension du moment thermidorien suppose que celui-ci ne soit pas réduit de manière utilitariste à une simple stratégie de maintien au pouvoir. Par définition il compose avec des dynamiques sociales autonomes, comme l'illustre la prise en considération d'un autre type de trajectoire postrévolutionnaire, non socialiste, celle de la République islamique d'Iran. Le paradigme thermidorien considère une pluralité de trajectoires relativement homogènes, en tant que combinatoires d'un événement révolutionnaire, d'un processus d'institutionnalisation et de professionnalisation de celui-ci, et d'une dynamique d'intégration à l'économie-monde capitaliste. Il ne se pose pas en explication, mais souligne la spécificité de ces régimes issus d'une révolution et confrontés à leur reproduction dans le contexte du démantèlement du camp socialiste et de la globalisation néo-libérale. Pour autant les « thermidorismes » sont dotés d'une historicité propre, à commencer par celle de la révolution dont ils sont le légataire. Ils ont également leur économie politique singulière qui ne se résume pas à l'imposition du cadre néo-libéral. En tant qu'expériences historiques soumises aux aléas de la contingence et des luttes sociales, les moments thermidoriens sont bien des « situations » au sens sartrien de la notion, où se jouent simultanément la reproduction du pouvoir et la liberté des acteurs.
Topic:
Political Theory

65. En quoi les "partis ethniques" sont-ils "ethniques" ? Les trajectoires du MDL en Bulgarie et de l'UDMR en Roumanie

Author:
Antonela Capelle-Pogăcean and Nadège Ragaru
Publication Date:
06-2008
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
A rather marginal theme in Eastern European studies before the end of communism, ethnic politics and minority policies in Central and South-East Europe have given birth to a very rich body of literature in the 1990s. Some analyses have been influenced by the so-called "transitology" paradigm; others have borrowed from ethnic conflict studies. In both cases, though, ethnocultural diversity has mostly been treated in a normative way and portrayed as an obstacle to democratization. As for ethnic parties, they have alternatively been presented as conducive to better political participation and integration for the minorities (in a multiculturalist perspective) or as a threat to state stability and to democracy. Regardless of these cleavages, most research on ethnic identifications and on their mobilization in politics has been grounded upon substantial definitions of ethnic "groups" and has reified differences between "generalist" and "ethnic" parties. The present comparison between the trajectory of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MFR, which represents the interests of the Turks and other Muslims in Bulgaria) and that of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR, representing the Hungarian population) departs from these approaches in two ways. First, it emphasizes the centrality of the sociology of collective action to understanding the politicization of ethnicity, while insisting on the need to trace the particular historical processes through which ethnicity has been constructed and politicized in every single case. Second, attention is brought to the role the social imaginary plays in shaping the strategies of social and political actors. To put it otherwise, we argue that identities are not exogenous to politicization processes; they are redefined, renegotiated and reappropriated as social actors invest the political field. "Ethnic parties" are in urgent need of deexoticization: Like most parties, they cannot elude the traditional dilemmas of political representation, in particular the need to be perceived as both responsive and accountable.
Topic:
Civil Society, Democratization, and Demographics
Political Geography:
Europe

66. Politiques du moment colonial.Historicités indigènes et rapports vernaculaires au politique en « situation coloniale »

Author:
Romain Bertrand
Publication Date:
10-2008
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
The field of colonial studies has gone through tremendous theoretical upheavals in the past three decades. Yet something is still too often missing in the study of 17th, 18th and 19th century situations of colonial or imperial "encounter", namely this vernacular domain of thought and actions that was kept out of reach of the colonizer's power and knowledge tools, and that was not geared toward the (whether coerced or not) commercial, political or military interaction with the Europeans. Nevertheless, it is only by focusing on this vernacular (rather than "native" or "indigenous") hors-champ of the colonial situation that one can achieve a better understanding of the multi-layered historicity of extraeuropean societies. This perspective indeed allows us to make sense of the "colonial moment" of these societies with regards not only to their encounter with Europe, but also to their own long-term ideological and political trajectories (trajectories that began long before the arrival of the Europeans and that never can be wholly equated with the effects and consequences of the latter). This research agenda moreover helps us to get back to a more nuanced and historically accurate view of the initial precariousness and "leopard-skin" style dissemination of European colonial power. Lastly, it enables us to get beyond the now dominant paradigm of the "indigenous appropriation of colonial/European modernity" and its old-fashioned utilitarian language of "native agency" by investigating the local, vernacular visions of the self and of history that were put to use in the tactical engagement with, or avoidance of, colonial rule.
Topic:
Post Colonialism
Political Geography:
Europe

67. Back to the Future? Thoughts on the Political Economy of Expanding State Ownership in Russia

Author:
William Tompson
Publication Date:
07-2008
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
The period since early 2004 has seen a significant expansion of the direct role of the Russian state in owning and managing industrial assets, particularly in 'strategic sectors' of the economy, such as power-generation machines, aviation, oil and finance. Increasingly, policy seems to have been focused less on market reforms than on tightening the state's grip on the 'commanding heights' of the economy. Many factors have contributed to this shift – factional, ideological, geopolitical and conjunctural – and, as will be argued below, there is not one single process at work, but several. This paper seeks to understand what has been driving the expansion of state ownership in Russia over the recent past and what that expansion might imply for the future. Its central conclusion is that a great deal of the explanation for this trend is in fact structural. While press coverage and public discussion have largely focused on factional politics and the political conjuncture – particularly conflicts between the Kremlin and big business and rivalry among Kremlin 'clans' ahead of the Putin succession in 2008 – a deeper understanding of the growth of the state requires an examination of the interaction between state capacities and Russia's industrial structure.
Topic:
Economics, Government, and Political Economy
Political Geography:
Russia

68. L'analyse des transferts internationaux de politiques publiques : un état de l'art

Author:
Thierry Delpeuch
Publication Date:
12-2008
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
Several prolific research fields dedicate themselves to the analysis of the contemporary phenomena of circulation, transfer and convergence of public policies. These clusters of studies have in common to explore the impact of external influences and foreign sources of inspiration or imitation on policy making process. Two major research orientations can be distinguished among these studies. The first one develops a perspective in the close proximity of the new sociological institutionalism. It scrutinizes the causal grounds and the social impacts of the expansion of policy transfers, by putting the stress on the influence of cultural and institutional factors. The second one, which is related to the sociology of social action, primarily examines the implementation of concrete policy transplant operations from one social context to another, by meticulously investigating the social characteristics of transfer agents and analyzing their interactions. Our argument is that the various approaches covered here–which are sociology of diffusion, new sociological institutionalism, europeanization studies, lesson-drawing and policy learning literature, structural sociology, and, of course, the research stream which identifies itself as policy transfer studies - are today on the way to overcome their divergences and to consolidate a common framework of sociological knowledge about policy transfers, grounded in both holistic and individualistic sociological traditions.
Topic:
Civil Society, Political Theory, and Sociology
Political Geography:
Europe

69. L'invention de l'aide française au développement Discours, instruments et pratiques d'une dynamique hégémonique

Author:
Julien Meimon
Publication Date:
09-2007
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
Dans le contexte international mouvementé de la fin des années 1950, la Ve République et ses dirigeants mettent en scène la fin du système colonial, c'est-à-dire de l'ensemble de ses institutions emblématiques : ministre et ministère de la « France d'outre-mer », corps administratifs de fonctionnaires coloniaux, et filière de recrutement (École nationale de la France d'outre-mer) disparaissent au profit d'un nouveau dispositif relativement complexe labellisé « coopération », et dont le ministère éponyme jouera un rôle important jusqu'à la fin du XXe siècle. La naissance de ce nouveau dispositif, résultant de l'éclatement de l'empire colonial, est largement associée à la problématique de l'aide au développement, et repose essentiellement sur des agents formés par les institutions coloniales, en quête de reconversion. C'est ce paradoxe d'une « nouvelle politique » incarnée par des agents imprégnés d'une culture coloniale que nous analyserons ici, en centrant notre regard sur ses modalités pratiques et discursives. On y décèlera l'une des faiblesses initiales de la politique africaine de la France, et l'une des raisons de son effritement progressif jusqu'à aujourd'hui.
Topic:
Post Colonialism
Political Geography:
Africa, Europe, and France

70. L'analyse de la « rivalité » dans les relations internationales. Le cas de l'Inde et de la Chine

Author:
Renaud Egreteau
Publication Date:
12-2007
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
Abstract:
L'émergence de la Chine et de l'Inde suscite depuis peu de nombreux débats scientifiques. Caractérisé par le développement de la croissance, des échanges commerciaux et des dépenses militaires, par la possession d'un arsenal nucléaire et par la revendication d'ambitions diplomatiques mondiales, l'essor des deux géants asiatiques suscite la fascination et l'inquiétude. Entre les lieux communs, l'imaginaire collectif et les travaux scientifiques, l'air du temps est aux interrogations quant à l'avenir de l'Asie et à l'évolution des puissances indienne et chinoise. Après avoir brièvement décrit leur émergence concrète sur la scène internationale, nous essaierons d'analyser la montée en puissance des deux géants et leur éventuelle trajectoire de collision au regard d'un concept peu développé dans les relations internationales, celui de « rivalité ». L'étude de ce phénomène, qui s'est constitué en objet de recherche théorique dans les années 1990, nous permettra de voir si l'Inde et la Chine peuvent se concevoir comme des « puissances rivales ».
Topic:
International Political Economy
Political Geography:
China, India, and Asia