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41. Public Policy Implementation Prospects and Challenges-in Botswana : A Case of the National Policy on Care for People with Disabilities

Author:
Marumo Omotoye
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
People with disabilities (PWDs) are often subjected to economic and social exclusion. This paper assesses factors that contribute to, and/or hinder the implementation of Botswana’s national disability policy. Despite the Government of Botswana’s efforts to uplift marginalised and vulnerable groups, PWDs remain disenfranchised as a result of social, physical and legislative barriers. Data was collected from secondary data sources and analysed using thematic analysis. The Analysis of Determinants of Policy Impact (ADEPT) approach, which aims to explain and influence policy development and policy impact implementation with four determinants: goals, obligations, resources and opportunities, was adopted. The study’s findings show that 22 years after its adoption, the National Policy on Care for People with Disabilities has not resulted in the desired policy outcomes, let alone achieved its objective of improving the lives of people with disabilities. While the Policy has the potential to be an important tool in achieving social inclusion and protecting the rights of PWDs, implementation gaps remain, essentially limiting its effectiveness.
Topic:
Disability and Public Policy
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

42. Impact of Internationalization on Firm Performance in Botswana

Author:
Goitseone Khanie
Publication Date:
08-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
Internationalization can affect a firm’s performance. This study determines how a firm’s engagement in international business activities affects its performance in Botswana. The study uses the Ordinary Least Squares method to regress firm performance over the degree of internationalization index (DOI), a composite variable of export intensity, import intensity and FDI intensity and control variables, size of the firm and the industry in which the firm operates. The results show that there is a positive relationship between firm performance and the degree of internationalization. This implies that among other growth strategies, internationalization can be considered as an important strategy to improve firm performance. The policy implication of these results is that efforts should be made to assist firms to internationalize their operations as a way of improving their performance.
Topic:
Economy, Business, Internationalization, and Firm Growth
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

43. Financial Development and Economic Growth in Botswana

Author:
Kedibonye Sekakela
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
The study examines the interrelationships between financial development, economic growth, capital accumulation and productivity growth in Botswana over the period 1980-2014. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test technique, we find that financial development, measured by private credit, has a negative and significant impact on economic growth both in the long and short run. In contrast, we observe that financial development, measured by liquid liabilities, has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in the short run. Furthermore, the empirical results show that the interrelationship between FD (private credit) and economic growth support the supply leading hypothesis while the interrelationships between FD (liquid liabilities) and economic growth support the demand-following hypothesis. On a positive note, the empirical evidence also suggests that financial development (private credit) leads to higher output level in Botswana through promoting the accumulation of assets. Thus, for financial development to promote economic growth through both the accumulation of capital and productivity growth, it is useful to further develop Botswana’s financial market. Efficient financial institutions may encourage innovation by mobilising resources to finance promising investment projects, evaluating prospective entrepreneurs and allowing investors to diversify the risks related to uncertain innovative activities. It is also crucial to improve the investment environment in Botswana which will encourage lending activities by the financial sector, especially towards the business sector. Furthermore, if diversification of the Botswana economy continues, we can expect the financial development to play a more prominent role in the country’s overall economic performance in the future.
Topic:
Development, Finance, Economic Growth, Productivity, and Capital Accumulation
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

44. Determinants of Tourism Demand in the SADC Region

Author:
Johane Moilwa Motsatsi
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
This study estimates the determinants of tourism demand in Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region using Generalised Least Squares (GLS) estimation procedure and panel data for the period 1997-2015. The results obtained suggest that the elasticities of tourism demand with respect to real capital investment on the tourism sector, real exchange rate, real gross domestic product (GDP), proportion of population with access to internet and global peace index are positive, while that with respect to inflation rate is negative. These results imply that for any country in the SADC region to attract more arrivals of tourists: it should invest significantly on the tourism sector, in terms of upgrading tourism infrastructure; implement exchange rate policy that is favourable to international tourists; and promote a reputation of being a peaceful and less corrupt country. Since tourism has strong linkages with other economic sectors, it is an ideal prospect for economic diversification.
Topic:
Development, Tourism, Diversification, and Regional Economy
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

45. Determinants of Service Sector Growth in Botswana

Author:
Mpho Raboloko
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
This study examines the factors affecting service sector growth and development in Botswana. Using annual time series data from 1980 to 2015, the study employs the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique to identify the factors that contribute to service sector growth. The results show that gross national expenditure, domestic credit to the private sector and gross fixed capital formation contribute positively to the growth of the service sector in Botswana. However, trade openness is found to negatively impact the growth of service sector in the country. The policy implication of the results is that in formulating service oriented policies, government should focus on factors that augment the growth of services sector. Specifically, government should increase spending on the service sector and its sub-sectors. Also, the banking sector should avail credit to the private sector as this is essential for the growth and development of the service sector.
Topic:
Development, Economic Growth, Services, and Capital Formation
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

46. Revealed Comparative Advantage in the Global Citrus Market and Implications for South Africa

Author:
Tebogo Seleka and Ajuruchukwu Obi
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
This paper adopts the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index and data for the period 1961-2013 to examine comparative advantage among the leading citrus exporters in the global market and draws implications for South Africa’s citrus industry. Results reveal that Spain was the most competitive citrus exporter throughout the review period. South Africa (SA) improved steadily over time from position four to position two, surpassing Italy and Morocco in the process. Morocco, which ranked between positions two and four, was also surpassed by Turkey, which improved from position ten during the period 1961-1965 to position three during 2006-2010. Trend analyses of the annual NRCA scores indicate that Turkey is on the verge of surpassing SA in terms of competitiveness. Broadly, the results indicate that SA experienced weakening comparative advantage during the apartheid era, owing partly to trade sanctions by several European countries. With the end of apartheid and the subsequent removal of the sanctions, the situation has vastly improved, further yielding a rise in SA citrus competitiveness in the global market.
Topic:
Global Markets, Economy, Exports, and Competition
Political Geography:
Africa and South Africa

47. Financing SMEs In Botswana: Factors Influencing Access to Credit

Author:
Goitseone Khanie
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
This study examines factors influencing access to credit by SMEs in Botswana. Using the 2010 World Bank Enterprise Survey, and employing logit model for analysis, we find that access to credit is influenced by gender, citizenship and experience of the entrepreneur; as well as firm-size, sector of business,sales and land ownership. Therefore, public policy must pay attention to the diversities of SMEs’ socio-economic characteristics as well as the business environment in which they operate when implementing finance assistance progammes. Measures to develop SMEs must be carefully focused, aiming at providing incentives for financial institutions to play an active role in SME financing. Government must formulate policies that will make finance institutions relax their requirements and lending procedures which tend to discourage borrowing. Similarly, public policy must be focused on strengthening the business acumen of SMEs through trainings and workshops, such that they are perceived attractive to financiers.
Topic:
Finance, Entrepreneurship, Business, Public Policy, and Credit
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

48. Determinants of Self-Employment in Botswana

Author:
Tshepiso Gaetsewe
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
The global market is rapidly recognizing the importance of entrepreneurship and selfemployment, especially in growing the economy, creating jobs and reducing poverty. This paper employs the logit regression model to investigate the determinants of selfemployment in Botswana, using the 2009/2010 Botswana Core Welfare Indicator Survey (BCWIS) data. The results reveal that individuals who are male, citizens, educated and living in cities are less likely to be self-employed than their counterparts. On the other hand, the age of the entrepreneur positively influences the likelihood of self-employment, as well as being a widow. Public policy needs to empower females and rural dwellers in terms of skills and entrepreneurship training in order to enhance their success in their self-employment activities. In addition, government should continue with its efforts of providing assistance to the youth for entrepreneurial development in order to reduce unemployment.
Topic:
Entrepreneurship, Public Policy, Economic Development, and Self-Employment
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana

49. Competitiveness of ACP Sugar Exports in the Global Market

Author:
Tebogo B. Seleka and Thula Dlamini
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
We employ the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index on data for the period 1961-2013 to examine the competitiveness of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in the global sugar market. Results indicate that the majority of the ACP states had comparative advantage in the global sugar market during the period 1961-2013. However, most of these countries also experienced declining comparative advantage, except for a few African countries that emerged from initial states of extreme comparative disadvantage to marginal comparative (dis)advantage. This occurred despite the fact that these countries enjoyed tariff free access to the highly protected EU market. Mauritius, followed by Fiji, Guyana and Jamaica, recorded the strongest comparative advantage among the ACP countries. However, it recorded weaker comparative advantage than the leading comparator non-ACP countries of Australia, Brazil and Thailand, which experienced considerable increases in comparative advantage over the considered period. Overall, there has been convergence in comparative advantage among ACP states since the signing of the Lomé convention in 1975.
Topic:
Exports, Sugar, and Competition
Political Geography:
Africa, Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific

50. Public Policy Implementation Prospects and Challenges in Botswana: Case of the National Policy on Care for People With Disabilities

Author:
Marumo Omotoye
Publication Date:
03-2018
Content Type:
Working Paper
Institution:
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis
Abstract:
People with disabilities (PWDs) are often subjected to economic and social exclusion. This paper assesses factors that contribute to, and/or hinder the implementation of Botswana’s national disability policy. Despite the Government of Botswana’s efforts to uplift marginalised and vulnerable groups, PWDs remain disenfranchised as a result of social, physical and legislative barriers. Data was collected from secondary data sources and analysed using thematic analysis. The Analysis of Determinants of Policy Impact (ADEPT) approach, which aims to explain and influence policy development and policy impact implementation with four determinants: goals, obligations, resources and opportunities, was adopted. The study’s findings show that 22 years after its adoption, the National Policy on Care for People with Disabilities has not resulted in the desired policy outcomes, let alone achieved its objective of improving the lives of people with disabilities. While the Policy has the potential to be an important tool in achieving social inclusion and protecting the rights of PWDs, implementation gaps remain, essentially limiting its effectiveness.
Topic:
Economics, Disability, Public Policy, Exclusion, and Society
Political Geography:
Africa and Botswana