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2. An Empirical Analysis of Failed Intelligence Reforms Before September 11
- Author:
- Amy B. Zegart
- Publication Date:
- 03-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- AMY B. ZEGART examines the failures to reform U.S. intelligence agencies before the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. She finds that during the 1990s, intelligence officials and policy makers understood the rising terrorist threat and the urgent need for reform, but failed to address critical organizational deficiencies.
- Topic:
- Intelligence, National Security, Terrorism, Reform, and 9/11
- Political Geography:
- United States of America
3. American Nationalism and U.S. Foreign Policy from September 11 to the Iraq War
- Author:
- Paul T. McCartney
- Publication Date:
- 09-2004
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- PAUL T. MCCARTNEY examines how the Bush administration drew upon nationalist imagery first to interpret the terrorists attacks of 11 September 2001 and then to frame the war against Iraq. He demonstrates how President Bush drew on both enduring elements of American identity and security concerns following September 11 to provide normative justification for the Iraq invasion. He concludes that the exceptionalist dimension of American nationalism that underpins the Bush doctrine is outdated and dangerous to current foreign policy interests.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Nationalism, 9/11, and Iraq War
- Political Geography:
- Iraq and United States of America
4. Terror, Terrain, and Turnout: Explaining the 2002 Midterm Elections
- Author:
- Gary C. Jacobson
- Publication Date:
- 03-2003
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- GARY C. JACOBSON argues that the results of the 2002 congressional election were consistent with past midterm elections as referenda on the administration and the economy, although the terrorist attacks of September 11 profoundly affected the referendum's substance. The modest Republican victory was a consequence of the post- September 11 rally in support for President George W. Bush, redistricting (in the House), and higher turnout among Republican loyalists. There was no evidence of any national shift in public sentiment toward the Republican party.
- Topic:
- Elections, Domestic Politics, 9/11, Political Parties, and George W. Bush
- Political Geography:
- United States of America
5. CIA's Strategic Intelligence in Iraq
- Author:
- Richard L. Russell
- Publication Date:
- 07-2002
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- RICHARD L. RUSSELL examines the strengths and weaknesses of American intelligence during the Gulf War in gauging Iraqi political intentions and military capabilities. He finds that overall strategic intelligence served policy makers well, but that some shortcomings, particularly in human intelligence collection, need to be corrected if the United States is to successfully deal with Iraq in the post-September 11 world. The role of the CIA was diminished after the war, even though he finds that the CIA’s estimates were more accurate than those of the Defense establishment.
- Topic:
- Defense Policy, Intelligence, 9/11, Gulf War, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
- Political Geography:
- Iraq, Middle East, and United States of America
6. An Interim Assessment of September 11: What Has Changed and What Has Not?
- Author:
- Robert Jervis
- Publication Date:
- 03-2002
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- ROBERT JERVIS argues that contrary to much conventional wisdom, terrorism has not weakened most states, understanding the “root causes” of terrorism is not a firm foundation for policy, the concept of a war on terrorism is flawed, and American policy is likely to be more unilateral than multilateral.
- Topic:
- Foreign Policy, Terrorism, and 9/11
- Political Geography:
- United States of America
7. The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical Advantages of Terror
- Author:
- Richard Betts
- Publication Date:
- 03-2002
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Political Science Quarterly
- Institution:
- Academy of Political Science
- Abstract:
- RICHARD BETTS argues that the September 11 attacks were a response to American primacy and then applies offense-defense theory to explain the intense advantages that terrorist groups have in launching offensive strikes and in exploiting the defenses that a nation can put up in this era of globalization and asymmetric warfare.
- Topic:
- Globalization, Terrorism, 9/11, and Asymmetric Relations
- Political Geography:
- United States of America