Author: Todd Sandler / Publishing Institution: Center for International Studies, University of Southern California

Author:: Daniel G. Arce M. and Todd Sandler
Publication Date:: 02-2005
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Center for International Studies, University of Southern California
Abstract:: In a variety of social, economic, and political situations, the Prisoners' Dilemma (PD) game is the most studied of the 78 distinct binary games. When characterizing Olson's (1965) analysis of collective action, Russell Hardin (1982, Chapter 2) goes so far as equating all collective action problems to Prisoners' Dilemmas. Although a variety of game forms are now associated with collective action problems (Sandler 1992), there is no question that the PD game occupies a central place in the analysis of diverse social science phenomena. PD games are used to investigate arms races, treaty adherence, the tragedy of the commons, counterterrorism, logrolling, public good provision, altruism, boycotts, and many other issues.
Topic:: Conflict Resolution, Political Economy, Politics, and War

Author:: Daniel G. Arce M. and Todd Sandler
Publication Date:: 02-2004
Content Type:: Working Paper
Institution:: Center for International Studies, University of Southern California
Abstract:: This paper establishes the prevalence of deterrence over preemption when targeted governments can choose between either policy or employ both. There is a similar proclivity to favor defensive counterterrorist measures over proactive policies. Unfortunately, this predisposition results in an equilibrium with socially inferior payoffs when compared with proactive responses. Proactive policies tend to provide purely public benefits to all potential targets and are usually undersupplied, whereas defensive policies tend to yield a strong share of provider-specific benefits and are often oversupplied. When terrorists direct a disproportionate number of attacks at one government, its reliance on defensive measures can disappear. Ironically, terrorists' can assist governments in addressing coordination dilemmas associated with some antiterrorist policies by targeting some countries more often than others.
Topic:: Conflict Prevention, Security, Government, and Terrorism

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