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2. Le désordre ordonné : la fabrique violente de Karachi (Pakistan) (Ordered Disorder : the Violent Fabric of Karachi)
- Author:
- Laurent Gayer
- Publication Date:
- 09-2013
- Content Type:
- Special Report
- Institution:
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
- Abstract:
- With a population exceeding twenty million, Karachi is already one of the largest cities in the world. It could even become the world’s largest city by 2030. Karachi is also the most violent of these megacities. Since the mid-1980s, it has endured endemic political conflict and criminal violence, which revolve around control of the city and its resources. These struggles for the city have become ethnicised. Karachi, often referred to as a “Pakistan in miniature”, has become increasingly fragmented, socially as well as territorially. Notwithstanding this chronic state of urban political warfare, Karachi is the cornerstone of the economy of Pakistan. Despite what journalistic accounts describing the city as chaotic and anarchic tend to suggest, there is indeed order of a kind in the city’s permanent civil war. Far from being entropic, Karachi’s polity is predicated upon relatively stable patterns of domination, rituals of interaction and forms of arbitration, which have made violence “manageable” for its populations – even if this does not exclude a chronic state of fear, which results from the continuous transformation of violence in the course of its updating. Whether such “ordered disorder” is viable in the long term remains to be seen, but for now Karachi works despite—and sometimes through—violence.
- Topic:
- History, Sociology, Urbanization, Conflict, and Political Science
- Political Geography:
- Pakistan, South Asia, Asia, and Karachi
3. Le parcours du combattant : une approche biographique des militant(e)s sikh(e)s du Khalistan
- Author:
- Laurent Gayer
- Publication Date:
- 05-2009
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
- Abstract:
- Between 1984 and 1995, the Indian Punjab was the theatre for a separatist insurrectional movement led by Sikh irregular armed groups. Most Sikh militants who picked up the gun against the Indian state were male, but a handful of women also took part in this armed struggle, which also enjoyed some support from Pakistan. Rather than the motivations of the fighters, it is their individual trajectories that are explored here. Following a critical biographical approach, paying attention to the silences of the actors and to the distorting effects of their ex-post testimonies, this paper aims at unraveling the familial genealogies of these militant careers, before identifying their successive sequences. Through this exercise, it is possible to shed light on individual dispositions towards engagement. However, this preliminary exercise must be followed up by an in-depth study of the conditions of actualization of these dispositions into a sustained form of commitment. Therefore, this paper focuses on the modalities of recruitment into clandestine organizations, before turning to the practical and psychological dilemmas induced by the return of these combatants to civilian life, which remain understudied. By introducing gender into the scope of the study, this paper also aims at assessing the variations between masculine and feminine ways of being and having been in clandestinity.
- Topic:
- Armed Struggle, Insurgency, and Sectarian violence
- Political Geography:
- South Asia, India, and Punjab
4. The 'Game of love': trajectories of sacrifice and strategic uses of the martyrs in the Sikh movement for Khalistan
- Author:
- Laurent Gayer
- Publication Date:
- 09-2006
- Content Type:
- Journal Article
- Journal:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Institution:
- Cultures & Conflits
- Abstract:
- Si le Panth sikh a connu ses premiers martyrs dès le xviie siècle, ce n'est qu'au xixe que le mouvement de réforme socio-religieuse des Singh Sabhas a formalisé un idiome du martyre sikh, édictant les (bonnes) manières de pratiquer et d'évoquer la mort volontaire dans le sikhisme. Ces codes pragmatiques et discursifs ont été appropriés par les mouvements révolutionnaires sikhs (tels que le Ghadr, au début du xxe siècle) et surtout par le mouvement sécessionniste pour le Khalistan. Chez les Khalistanis, le martyre présente une profonde ambiguïté, puisque le désir de mort des combattants sikhs à longtemps constitué un obstacle à l'adoption d'une stratégie insurrectionnelle cohérente par les leaders des groupes armés. Lors de la commémoration de la lutte armée, en particulier sur l'Internet, ces suicides anomiques à peine voilés ont été reconstruits par les entrepreneurs identitaires sikhs comme des sacrifices offerts à la nation, dépouillés de leur dimension profondément individualiste.
5. CERI: Le voleur et la matrice: Les enjeux du "cybernationalisme" et du "hacktivisme"
- Author:
- Laurent Gayer
- Publication Date:
- 05-2003
- Content Type:
- Working Paper
- Institution:
- Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales
- Abstract:
- Cyberspace, of which the Internet is a major but not the exclusive component, is more than an informational or an economic network: it is also a political space, which deserves to be analysed as such, through the collective mobilisations, the imaginary and the surveillance practices that it conveys. Rather than looking at the internet's world politics, this paper focuses on transnational political solidarities that are now emerging on and through the Internet. This differentiation suggests that the Internet is both the vector of social struggles focused on the "real" world, and the cradle of new identifications and new modes of protest that remain and will remain primarily virtual. Activists operating through transnational "advocacy networks" may use the Internet to receive or spread information, but their use of the Information Technologies (IT) remains purely instrumental and does not imply any paradigmatic shift in the tactical uses of the media by protest groups. "Hacktivism" and "cybernationalism" appear far more promising, as far as the invention of new repertoires of collective action is concerned. "Hacktivism", which refers to the use of hacking techniques for political ends, emerged during the 1990s, at the crossroads between activism, play and art. The emergence of "hacktivism" was made possible by the meeting of two social actors that epitomize our late modernity: new social movements and the "digital underground". "Cybernationalism", for its part, was given shape in the last decade by ethnic entrepreneurs who rely on the IT to challenge the political authorities of their home states and to materialise, through words and images, the communities they are (re)inventing beyond borders.
- Topic:
- Development, Economics, Politics, and Science and Technology